Phonetics Slide 1 Ch 2 Phonetics Chapter 2

Phonetics Slide 1 Ch 2 Phonetics Chapter 2 ØNot responsible for Section 10 ØSection 8 we will talk about, but not focus ØHomework exercises: 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 15 due 4/15 ØProblem Set 1 due 4/17 Ø http: //web. pdx. edu/~connjc/Ling%20390%20 Problem%20 Set%201. pdf ØLanguage Mini-Research Project HW 1 due 4/10

Phonetics Ch 2 Phonetics Slide 2 PHONETICS - Chapter 2 The study of speech sounds ØArticulatory or acoustic phonetics ØSpeech sounds = phones, segments ØConsonants and vowels

Phonetics Ch 2 Phonetics Slide 3 PHONETICS - Chapter 2 Transcription ØInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) ØBreak away from spelling ØIPA is one to one sound-symbol correspondence

Phonetics Ch 2 Phonetics Slide 4 PHONETICS - Chapter 2 Transcription ØBroad transcription ØNarrow transcription (uses diacritics)

Phonetics Ch 2 Phonetics Slide 5 Sound classes PHONETICS - Chapter 2 ØConsonants, vowels and glides ØSonorant ØSyllabic vs. nonsyllabic ØGlides

Phonetics Ch 2 Phonetics Slide 6 Anatomy PHONETICS - Chapter 2 ØParts of the body used for making speech (see video) ØFigure 2. 1 page 19 ØThe glottis - the space between the vocal folds (Figure 2. 2) - Voiced, voiceless, whisper, murmur (breathy) Link for vocal fold video 1 2

Phonetics Slide 7 Anatomy Ch 2 Phonetics PHONETICS - Chapter 2

Phonetics Slide 8 Ch 2 Phonetics PHONETICS - Chapter 2 Consonant articulation ØSee Figure 2. 3 p. 23 (slide 7) ØThe tongue ØThe oral tract and places of articulation Ø say: typical, sufficient ØManners of articulation places and manner of articulation video

Phonetics Ch 2 Phonetics Slide 9 PHONETICS - Chapter 2 Consonant articulation palate (palatal) velum (velar) uvula (uvular) alveolar ridge lips (labial) teeth (dental) places and manner of articulation video

Phonetics Slide 10 Ch 2 Phonetics Consonants say: typical = stops; sufficient = fricatives – vary in place of articulation

Phonetics Ch 2 Phonetics Slide 11 Labial Places of articulation (for English) Dental Alveolar Palatal Lips Teeth Bilabial Labiodental Interdental Ridge Behind top Teeth Roof of Mouth Alveopalatal Postalveolar Palatoalveolar also Glottal Velar Soft Palate

Phonetics Slide 12 Ch 2 Phonetics PHONETICS - Chapter 2 Consonants Order of 3 -part descriptive terms: Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation so [d] is a voiced alveolar stop

Phonetics Slide 13 Ch 2 Phonetics PHONETICS - Chapter 2 Consonants: Order of 3 -part descriptive terms: Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation

Phonetics Slide 14 Ch 2 Phonetics PHONETICS - Chapter 2 International Phonetic Alphabet Ø Sound - symbol correspondence ØTranscription ØDownload IPA font at www. sil. org, then go to computing in menu on bottom, then “Fonts in cyberspace”, then select “SIL fonts”, then “SIL IPA 93” Go to Peter Ladefoged’s website: http: //hctv. humnet. ucla. edu/departments/linguistics/Vowelsand. Consonants/

Phonetics Slide 15 Ch 2 Phonetics Consonants - Stops ØOral or nasal (see video 1 or 2) ØGlottal stop ØComplete obstruction in oral cavity Ø 10 English stops ØClosure and then release http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=8 T 3_Vpc 44 -0

Phonetics Slide 16 Ch 2 Phonetics Consonants - Fricatives ØNarrowing in oral cavity ØNear closure - forcing air through small space - hissing ØFricatives are continuous air through the mouth (continuants) Ø 9 English fricatives

Phonetics Slide 17 Ch 2 Phonetics Consonants - Affricates ØDelayed release of stop causing fricative after Ø 2 English affricates

Phonetics Slide 18 Ch 2 Phonetics Consonants - Sibilants/Stridents ØLouder type of fricative/affricate Ø 6 English stridents

Phonetics Ch 2 Phonetics Slide 19 Consonants – Liquids and flap Liquids ØLaterals - air passes over sides of tongue Ør’s - bunched up tongue or retroflex Ø 2 English liquids - plus flap (See video) Glottal stop vs. flap in the word little

Phonetics Slide 20 Ch 2 Phonetics Consonants - Glides ØAlmost no obstruction in oral cavity Ø 2 English glides Ø[w] is really labiovelar

Phonetics Slide 21 Ch 2 Phonetics PHONETICS - Chapter 2 Consonants: Order of 3 -part descriptive terms: Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation

Phonetics Slide 22 Ch 2 Phonetics English Consonants (voiceless sounds on the left)

Phonetics Ch 2 Phonetics Practice 23 Practice - Transcribe the following words - all of them have the vowel ej 1 game 2 faith 3 day 4 case 5 hate 6 waste

Phonetics Ch 2 Phonetics Practice 24 Practice - Transcribe the following words - all of them have the vowel ej 1 Jake 2 shape 3 beige 4 hang ? 5 change

Phonetics Practice 25 Ch 2 Phonetics Exercise Examples

Phonetics Slide 26 Ch 2 Phonetics Consonants - Other ØSyllabic nasals and liquids ØVoiceless liquids and glides – after voiceless stops, no s- in front

Phonetics Slide 27 Ch 2 Phonetics Consonants - Aspiration ØPuff of air after initial voiceless stop ØNot after s-

Phonetics Ch 2 Phonetics Practice 28 Practice - Transcribe the following words in narrow transcription - all of them have the vowel [ej] 1 shave 2 taste 3 whale 4 clay 5 ladle 6 tray

Phonetics Slide 29 Ch 2 Phonetics Vowels ØDifferent from consonants ØA lot more variation (different dialects) ØVowels are in a continuous space and gradient ØDescribed by tongue height and backness ØAlso by rounding and tense/lax Vowels are a 5 part descriptive terms: Height -- Back/Front -- Un/Rounded -- Tense/lax -- Vowel videos

Phonetics Slide 30 Ch 2 Phonetics vowel words

Phonetics Ch 2 Phonetics Practice 31 Transcription (aspiration if you can) 1 boot 2 book 3 boat 4 bought 5 pot 6 putt

Phonetics Ch 2 Phonetics Practice 32 Transcription 1 beat 2 bick 3 bait 4 bet 5 bat

Phonetics Ch 2 Phonetics Practice 33 Transcription 1 dive 2 down 3 boy 4 about

Phonetics Practice 34 Ch 2 Phonetics Transcription – Aspiration if you can

Phonetics Ch 2 Phonetics Practice 35 Broad Transcription 1 fast 2 loaf 3 cheese 4 made 5 baby 6 throw 7 should 8 fantastic

Phonetics Ch 2 Phonetics Practice 36 Transcription 1 car 2 sir 3 horse 4 floor 5 cheer 6 there

Phonetics Ch 2 Phonetics Practice 37 Practice - Transcribe (narrow if possible) the following words 1 craft 2 sigh 3 frog 4 paddle 5 loaf 6 through

Phonetics Ch 2 Phonetics Practice 38 Practice - Transcribe the following words – syllabic nasals and liquids 1 oven 2 ice 3 voice 4 thunder 5 joint

Phonetics Ch 2 Phonetics Slide 39 Suprasegmentals (prosody) Ø pitch Ø loudness Ø length

Phonetics Slide 40 Ch 2 Phonetics Pitch Ø to change pitch, change tension of vocal folds (raise and lower Adam’s apple) Ø Tone - meaningful differences signaled by different pitches Ø Intonation - pitch changes in spoken utterances not related to differences in word meaning (but that do contain information)

Phonetics Slide 41 Ch 2 Phonetics Tone Ø register tones - level tones (Mpi tones, Hmong tones) Ø contour tones - moving pitch on a word that signals different meanings of words (Chinese tones, Cantonese tones)

Phonetics Slide 42 Ch 2 Phonetics Intonation Ø “Don’t use that tone with me, young lady/man!” Ø Terminal contour Ø Nonterminal contour Ø High rising terminal contours - One time, at band camp Ø Downdrift

Phonetics Slide 43 Ch 2 Phonetics Length ØGeminate consonants in Italian ØVowel length in Danish

Phonetics Slide 44 Ch 2 Phonetics Stress Ø More prominence - realized by length, pitch and/or loudness Ø Always relative Ø Primary and secondary ØCan be meaningful in English produce vs. produce - insult

Phonetics Ch 2 Phonetics Slide 45 Speech Production Ø Coarticulation - more than one articulator is active - please Ø Articulatory processes - adjustments made during normal speech (not laziness, but often for ease of articulation) v Assimilation v Dissimilation v Deletion v Epenthesis v Metathesis v Vowel Reduction

Phonetics Slide 46 Ch 2 Phonetics Articulatory Processes - Assimilation Ø Assimilation - when the features or characteristics of one sound spread to another sound Ø Regressive assimilation - if two sounds are together in sequence XY, then some characteristic of Y spreads to X (backwards). Vowel nasalization before a nasal consonant - bed vs. Ben Ø Progressive assimilation - if two sounds are together in sequence XY, then some characteristic of X spreads to Y (forward). Voiceless liquids and glides - bride vs. pride

Phonetics Slide 47 Ch 2 Phonetics Articulatory Processes - Assimilation Ø Voicing assimilation - a sound takes on the same voicing as a nearby sound Ø voicing - voiceless sound becomes voiced Ø devoicing - voiced sound becomes voiceless

Phonetics Slide 48 Ch 2 Phonetics Articulatory Processes - Assimilation Ø Assimilation of place of articulation - a sound takes on the same place of articulation as a nearby sound Ø Palatalization - making the place of articulation more palatal ØAlso term used for changing alveolar sound to post-alveolar ØHomorganic nasal assimilation - a nasal consonant changes depending on the place of articulation of the following consonant

Phonetics Slide 49 Ch 2 Phonetics Articulatory Processes - Assimilation Ø Assimilation of manner of articulation - a sound takes on the same manner of articulation as a nearby sound Ø Nasalization - making vowel nasalized Ø Flapping - between two vowels, an alveolar stop becomes a flap (where first syllable is stressed and second is not) (Flaps are considered continuant so more vowel like)

Phonetics Slide 50 Ch 2 Phonetics Articulatory Processes - Dissimilation Ø Two sounds become less alike Ø Rare process

Phonetics Slide 51 Ch 2 Phonetics Articulatory Processes - Deletion Ø Process that removes a segment from certain phonetic contexts

Phonetics Slide 52 Ch 2 Phonetics Articulatory Processes - Epenthesis Ø Process that inserts a segment in certain phonetic contexts

Phonetics Slide 53 Ch 2 Phonetics Articulatory Processes - Metathesis Ø Reordering of the sequence of segments

Phonetics Slide 54 Ch 2 Phonetics Articulatory Processes - Vowel Reduction Ø In unstressed syllables, vowels become more central Ø Common reduced vowels in English: high central unrounded vowel

Phonetics Slide 55 Ch 2 Phonetics Articulatory processes - Review adjustments made during normal speech (not laziness, but for ease of articulation) v Assimilation - regressive or progressive v. Of voicing - voicing or devoicing v. Place of articulation - palatalization, homorganic nasal assimilation v. Manner of articulation - nasalization, flapping v Dissimilation - orange juice v Deletion - fifs, husban v Epenthesis - warmpth v Metathesis - aks, pisghetti v Vowel Reduction - Ohio or Ohia? Missouri ØExamples of stressed, unstressed and reduced vowels

Phonetics Slide 56 Ch 2 Phonetics Articulatory Processes ØWhat processes are involved? ij = i uw = u

Phonetics Slide 57 Ch 2 Phonetics Articulatory Processes To identify articulatory process involved, you need to look at differences between the starting (usually careful pronunciation) and ending pronunciation (normal speech) ØIf a sound is missing = deletion ØIf a sound has been added = epenthesis ØIf the order of sounds has changed = metathesis ØIf a sound has changed: ØDetermine how the sound has changed (what phonetic property has changed: voicing, place or manner of articulation) ØCompare this phonetic property to nearby sounds ØIf the changed phonetic property matches nearby sounds = assimilation ØIf the changed phonetic property does not match nearby sounds = dissimilation

Ch 2 Phonetics Consonants!!! #2. )Place of Articulation #3. ) Manner of… 3 (main) Descriptive Terms!!! #1. ) Voicing (left = voiceless right = voiced) Therefore: [d] is a voiced alveolar stop Remember this!!! *note! (exclamation points are great learning tools!)

Vowels!!! #1. ) High or Low Ch 2 Phonetics 4 (main) Descriptive Terms!!! #2. ) Front or Back #3. )Rounded Or Unrounded #4. ) Tense or Lax

Ch 2 Phonetics Ways to memorize the IPA chart!!! Learn to draw it from memory in less than 1 min! WOW!!! No seriously, pay attention this is awesome…

Ch 2 Phonetics #1. ) How big is it? 8 PLACES 6 M A N N E R S 6 by 8

Ch 2 Phonetics #2. ) Make up a story! Your story could go here! STORY#1 S(top) F(ricking) B p(eanut) b(utter) STORY #2 AND HERE A(round) AND HERE N(ow) AND HERE L(azy) AND HERE G(uy) AND HERE L I A t(astes) d(elicious) Ap P V k(ola) g(od) G ?

Ch 2 Phonetics #3. ) Remember cell numbers Get it? Cell numbers… Ha ha ha! (how many symbols in each row/column? ) 5 7 9 2 3 2 5 Like a phone number 5 -227 -4152 - 2 2 7 - 4 1 5 2

Ch 2 Phonetics #1. ) Remember the shape of the distribution PLACES (Where do the symbols exist)? M A N N E R S Want more? Vowels? Come to study sessions and office hours!!!

Ch 2 Phonetics Diacritics (there are 3 you need to know!)

Ch 2 Phonetics For next time: Start Ch 3 Phonology – More theoretical and difficult than Ch 2!