Character Codes Communications Codes Data Processing Codes Computer

Communications Codes Data Processing Codes Computer Character Sets

1 · 111 0 0000000 dot dash particle space letter space word space

eighth note 1 · dotted quarter note 111 - dot dash eighth rest 0

H for the 4 H Club ···· Harry Herbert Hoover Heever

A ·am B -··· beau C -·-· code D -·· dee E · e

Communications 1870 Baudot Code Émile Baudot

Communications 1870, 1901 Baudot Code Émile Baudot Donald Murray

International Telegraph Alphabet 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

80 Columns ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ----------------------------------------0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 5555555555555555555555555555555555555555 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777 8888888888888888888888888888888888888888 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999

+ - 0123456789 ++▮+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ----▮-------------------------------------000000▮ 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111▮ 111111111111111111111111111111111111 2222▮ 222222222222222222222222222222222222 33333▮ 33333333333333333333333333333333333 44444▮ 44444444444444444444444444444444444

+ - 0123456789 ABCDEFGHI ++▮+++++++▮▮▮▮▮+++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ----▮-------------------------------------000000▮ 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111▮ 11111111111111111111111111111111 22222222▮ 2222222222222222222222222222222 333333333▮ 333333333333333333333333333333 44444▮

+ - 0123456789 ABCDEFGHI JKLMNOPQR ++▮+++++++▮▮▮▮▮+++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ----▮-----------▮▮▮▮▮----------------------000000▮ 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111▮ 111111111▮ 11111111111111111111111111 22222222▮ 22222222222222222222222222 333333333▮

+ - 0123456789 ABCDEFGHI JKLMNOPQR STUVWXYZ ++▮+++++++▮▮▮▮▮+++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ----▮-----------▮▮▮▮▮----------------------000000▮ 000000000000000▮▮▮▮ 000000000000000000 1111111▮ 111111111▮ 11111111111111111111111111 22222222▮

Computer The FORTRAN Character Set + - = * / ( ) , .

Communications 1963 ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Initially, ASCII was going to be a 6 bit code. Shift. Uppercase Shift. Lowercase

Paper Tape Codes 0000000 NUL null character 1111111 DEL delete

Backspace 0000000 NUL null character 1111111 DEL delete 0001000 BS backspace

Operators 0001101 ENQ enquire / who are you 0001010 BEL bell

Spacing 0100000 SP space 0001001 TAB tabulation

Spacing 0100000 SP space 0001001 TAB tabulation The TAB character is an anachronism that

Format Effectors 0001101 CR carriage return 0001010 LF line feed

Format Effectors 0001101 CR carriage return 0001010 LF line feed 0001100 FF form feed

Device Control 0010001 DC 1 paper tape reader on 0010010 DC 2 paper tape

Protocol 0000001 SOH start of header 0000010 STX start of text 0010111 ETB end

SOH header STX body ETX SOH header STX block 1 ETB STX block 2

Protocol 0000110 ACK acknowledgement 0010101 NAK negative acknowledgement 0010110 SYN synchronous idle

End 0000110 EOT end of transmission 0010101 EM end of medium

Oops 0011010 SUB substitute 0011000 CAN cancel

Escapement 0011011 ESC escape 0010000 DLE data link escape 0001110 SO shift out 0001111

Information Separators 0011100 FS file separator 0011101 GS group separator 0011110 RS record separator

Computer 1991 Unicode All the characters of all living languages in 16 bits

Computer 1996 Unicode 2 All the characters of all languages in 21 bits

The first 128 characters of Unicode are the ASCII set.

Computer Six Bit Character Sets Word sizes of 12 18 24 36 48 60

Seven bit ASCII caused the ascendance of computer architecture based on 8 16 32

If ASCII had been successfully completed as a six bit set, 36 bit architecture

Europe would have moved immediately to 12 bit character sets, just as Asia had

Ultimately, the world could have adopted an 18 bit universal character set. 72 bit

Standards need to be reevaluated regularly, and eventually replaced. That is how progress works.

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Character Codes

Communications Codes Data Processing Codes Computer Character Sets

1836 Communications Morse Code

1 · 111 0 0000000 dot dash particle space letter space word space

eighth note 1 · dotted quarter note 111 - dot dash eighth rest 0 dotted quarter rest 000 whole rest 0000000 particle space letter space word space

Beethoven’s V ···The Fifth

H for the 4 H Club ···· Harry Herbert Hoover Heever

A ·am · vowel - consonant

A ·am B -··· beau C -·-· code D -·· dee E · e F ··-· oofy

A ·am B -··· beau C -·-· code D -·· dee E · e F ··-· oofy Dee Snider

A ·am B -··· beau C -·-· code D -·· dee E · e F ··-· oofy

A ·am B -··· beau C -·-· code D -·· dee E · e F ··-· oofy G --· gnu H ···· 4 H I ·· ii J ·--ijjj K -·kit L ·-·· aloe

A ·am B -··· beau C -·-· code D -·· dee E · e F ··-· oofy G --· gnu H ···· 4 H I ·· ii J ·--ijjj K -·kit L ·-·· aloe M -mm N -· no O --sos P ·--· expo Q --·qquq R ·-· are

A ·am B -··· beau C -·-· code D -·· dee E · e F ··-· oofy G --· gnu H ···· 4 H I ·· ii J ·--ijjj K -·kit L ·-·· aloe M -mm N -· no O --sos P ·--· expo Q --·qquq R ·-· are S ··· sos T t U ··out V ···Beethoven v W ·-owl X -··xoox

A ·am B -··· beau C -·-· code D -·· dee E · e F ··-· oofy G --· gnu H ···· 4 H I ·· ii J ·--ijjj K -·kit L ·-·· aloe M -mm N -· no O --sos P ·--· expo Q --·qquq R ·-· are Y ··· sos Z T t U ··out V ···Beethoven v W ·-owl X -··xoom S -·-yuck --·· zzoo

Communications 1870 Baudot Code Émile Baudot

Communications 1870, 1901 Baudot Code Émile Baudot Donald Murray

International Telegraph Alphabet 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 0 NUL E LF A SP S I U CR D R J N F C K 1 T Z L W H Y P Q O B G M X V

Letters 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 0 NUL E LF A SP S I U CR D R J N F C K 1 T Z L W H Y P Q O B G FIG M X V LET Figures 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 0 NUL 3 LF - SP ' 8 7 CR $ 4 BEL , ! : ( 1 5 + ) 2 # 6 0 1 9 ? & FIG . / ; LET

1928 Data Processing Hollerith Code

80 Columns ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ----------------------------------------0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 5555555555555555555555555555555555555555 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777 8888888888888888888888888888888888888888 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999

+ - 0123456789 ++▮+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ----▮-------------------------------------000000▮ 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111▮ 111111111111111111111111111111111111 2222▮ 222222222222222222222222222222222222 33333▮ 33333333333333333333333333333333333 44444▮ 44444444444444444444444444444444444 555555▮ 5555555555555555555555555555555555 666666▮ 6666666666666666666666666666666666 7777777▮ 777777777777777777777777777777777 8888888▮ 888888888888888888888888888888888 99999999▮ 999999999999999999999999999999999

+ - 0123456789 ABCDEFGHI ++▮+++++++▮▮▮▮▮+++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ----▮-------------------------------------000000▮ 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111▮ 11111111111111111111111111111111 22222222▮ 2222222222222222222222222222222 333333333▮ 333333333333333333333333333333 44444▮ 4444444444444444444444444444444444 555555▮ 555555555555555555555555555555555 666666▮ 6666666666666666666666666666666666 7777777▮ 77777777777777777777777777777777 8888888▮ 88888888888888888888888888888888 99999999▮ 99999999999999999999999999999999

+ - 0123456789 ABCDEFGHI JKLMNOPQR ++▮+++++++▮▮▮▮▮+++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ----▮-----------▮▮▮▮▮----------------------000000▮ 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111▮ 111111111▮ 11111111111111111111111111 22222222▮ 22222222222222222222222222 333333333▮ 3333333333333333333333333 44444▮ 444444444▮ 4444444444444444444444444 555555▮ 555555555▮ 555555555555555555555555 666666▮ 666666666▮ 666666666666666666666666 7777777▮ 777777777▮ 77777777777777777777777 8888888▮ 888888888▮ 88888888888888888888888 99999999▮ 999999999▮ 9999999999999999999999

+ - 0123456789 ABCDEFGHI JKLMNOPQR STUVWXYZ ++▮+++++++▮▮▮▮▮+++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ----▮-----------▮▮▮▮▮----------------------000000▮ 000000000000000▮▮▮▮ 000000000000000000 1111111▮ 111111111▮ 11111111111111111111111111 22222222▮ 222222222▮ 222222222222222222222 333333333▮ 333333333333333333333333 44444▮ 444444444▮ 444444444444444444444444 555555▮ 555555555▮ 55555555555555555555555 666666▮ 666666666▮ 66666666666666666666666 7777777▮ 777777777▮ 7777777777777777777777 8888888▮ 888888888▮ 8888888888888888888888 99999999▮ 999999999▮ 999999999999999999999

Computing Six Bit Character Sets

IBM BCDIC-1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C SP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 # @ / S T U V W X Y Z , % 1 2 - J K L M N O P Q R $ * 3 & A B C D E F G H I . ⌑ D E F

Computer The FORTRAN Character Set + - = * / ( ) , . $

IBM BCDIC-3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 0 SP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 # @ : > √ 1 ¢ / S T U V W X Y Z ‡ , % = ' " 2 - J K L M N O P Q R ! $ * ) ; Δ 3 & A B C D E F G H I ? . ⌑ ( > ⯒

IBM BCDIC-3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 0 SP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 # @ : > √ 1 ¢ / S T U V W X Y Z ‡ , % = ' " 2 - J K L M N O P Q R ! $ * ) ; Δ 3 & A B C D E F G H I ? . ⌑ ( < ⯒

Control Data 1612 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 0 : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 = ≠ ≤ ! [ 1 SP / S T U V W X Y Z ] , ( → ≡ ~ 2 - J K L M N O P Q R % $ * ↑ ↓ > 3 + A B C D E F G H I < . ) ≥ ? ;

Burroughs 5500 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 # @ ? : > ≥ 1 + A B C D E F G H I . [ & ( < ← 2 × J K L M N O P Q R $ * - ) ; ≤ 3 SP / S T U V W X Y Z , % ≠ = ] "

Fieldata 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 4 @ [ ] # Δ SP A B C D E F G H I J 5 K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 6 ) - + < = > & $ * ( % : ? ! , 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ' ; / . ⌑ ≠

Communications 1963 ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Initially, ASCII was going to be a 6 bit code. Shift. Uppercase Shift. Lowercase

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 0 NUL SOH STX EOT ENQ ACK BEL BS TAB LF VT FF CR SO SI 1 DLE DC 1 DC 2 DC 3 DC 4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US 2 SP ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? 4 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 5 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ ] ^ _ 6 ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o 7 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL

Paper Tape Codes 0000000 NUL null character 1111111 DEL delete

Backspace 0000000 NUL null character 1111111 DEL delete 0001000 BS backspace

Operators 0001101 ENQ enquire / who are you 0001010 BEL bell

Spacing 0100000 SP space 0001001 TAB tabulation

Spacing 0100000 SP space 0001001 TAB tabulation The TAB character is an anachronism that should have died with the typewriter.

Format Effectors 0001101 CR carriage return 0001010 LF line feed

Format Effectors 0001101 CR carriage return 0001010 LF line feed 0001100 FF form feed 0001011 VT vertical tab

Device Control 0010001 DC 1 paper tape reader on 0010010 DC 2 paper tape punch on 0010011 DC 3 paper tape reader off 0010100 DC 4 paper tape punch off

Protocol 0000001 SOH start of header 0000010 STX start of text 0010111 ETB end of text block 0000011 ETX end of text

SOH header STX body ETX SOH header STX block 1 ETB STX block 2 ETB STX block 3 ETX

Protocol 0000110 ACK acknowledgement 0010101 NAK negative acknowledgement 0010110 SYN synchronous idle

End 0000110 EOT end of transmission 0010101 EM end of medium

Oops 0011010 SUB substitute 0011000 CAN cancel

Escapement 0011011 ESC escape 0010000 DLE data link escape 0001110 SO shift out 0001111 SI shift in

Information Separators 0011100 FS file separator 0011101 GS group separator 0011110 RS record separator 0011111 US unit separator

Half ASCII 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 0 SP ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? 2 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 3 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ ] ^ _

Computer 1991 Unicode All the characters of all living languages in 16 bits

Computer 1996 Unicode 2 All the characters of all languages in 21 bits

Computer 2010 Unicode 6 Emojis!

The first 128 characters of Unicode are the ASCII set.

Computer Six Bit Character Sets Word sizes of 12 18 24 36 48 60

Seven bit ASCII caused the ascendance of computer architecture based on 8 16 32 64

If ASCII had been successfully completed as a six bit set, 36 bit architecture would have survived. The first microprocessors would have been 12 bit machines, not 8.

Europe would have moved immediately to 12 bit character sets, just as Asia had to adopt double byte character sets. By avoiding character substitution, most internationalization problems would have been avoided from the beginning.

Ultimately, the world could have adopted an 18 bit universal character set. 72 bit cpus would become the standard.

Standards need to be reevaluated regularly, and eventually replaced. That is how progress works.