The CMS Construction CMS Design Criteria Very good

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The CMS Construction

The CMS Construction

(CMS) Design Criteria Very good muon identification and momentum measurement Trigger efficiently and measure

(CMS) Design Criteria Very good muon identification and momentum measurement Trigger efficiently and measure sign of Te. V muons dp/p < 10% High energy resolution electromagnetic calorimetry ~ 0. 5% @ ET ~ 50 Ge. V Powerful inner tracking systems Momentum resolution a factor 10 better than at LEP Hermetic calorimetry Good missing ET resolution (Affordable detector) Transparency from the early 90’s

Experimental Challenge LHC Detectors (especially ATLAS, CMS) are radically different from the ones from

Experimental Challenge LHC Detectors (especially ATLAS, CMS) are radically different from the ones from the previous generations High Interaction Rate pp interaction rate 1 billion interactions/s Data can be recorded for only ~102 out of 40 million crossings/sec Level-1 trigger decision takes ~2 -3 s a electronics need to store data locally (pipelining) Large Particle Multiplicity ~ <20> superposed events in each crossing ~ 1000 tracks stream into the detector every 25 ns need highly granular detectors with good time resolution for low occupancy a large number of channels (~ 100 M ch) High Radiation Levels a radiation hard (tolerant) detectors and electronics

The CMS Detector

The CMS Detector

The CMS Collaboration (2007) Number of Laboratories Member States 59 Non-Member States 67 USA

The CMS Collaboration (2007) Number of Laboratories Member States 59 Non-Member States 67 USA # Scientific Authors Member States 1084 Non-Member States 503 USA 723 Total 2310 Number of Scientists Number of Laboratories Oct. 3 rd 2007/gm 62 9 CERN Finland Germany Greece Hungary Russia Italy Uzbekistan Ukraine Georgia Belarus Armenia Turkey Serbia Pakistan Associated Institutes Bulgaria France 49 175 Total Belgium Austria New-Zealand UK Brazil China, PR China (Taiwan) Colombia Croatia Ireland India Cyprus Estonia Lithuania Mexico Korea Iran Poland Portugal Spain Switzerland 2310 Scientific Authors 38 Countries 175 Institutions

Exploded View of CMS Plus Side Minus Side

Exploded View of CMS Plus Side Minus Side

Assembly of Iron Yoke 2003

Assembly of Iron Yoke 2003

Assembly of the Coil

Assembly of the Coil

Assembly of the Coil Sept 05 Coil: 230 tons Outer vacuum tank: 13 m

Assembly of the Coil Sept 05 Coil: 230 tons Outer vacuum tank: 13 m long SS tube, =7. 6 m

Surface Hall: Barrel Muons

Surface Hall: Barrel Muons

Lowering of Heavy Elements YE+1 (Jan’ 07)

Lowering of Heavy Elements YE+1 (Jan’ 07)

Lowering of Heavy Elements Feb 2007

Lowering of Heavy Elements Feb 2007

Insertion of Barrel ECAL Jul’ 07

Insertion of Barrel ECAL Jul’ 07

Completion of Services on YB 0 Nov. ‘ 07

Completion of Services on YB 0 Nov. ‘ 07

Lowering of Tracker Dic. ‘ 07

Lowering of Tracker Dic. ‘ 07

Tracker Insertion Dic. ‘ 07

Tracker Insertion Dic. ‘ 07

Tracker in CMS Dic. ‘ 07

Tracker in CMS Dic. ‘ 07

The CMS SC Solenoid Design Goal: Measure 1 Te. V/c muons with < 10%

The CMS SC Solenoid Design Goal: Measure 1 Te. V/c muons with < 10% resolution Extreme engineering: 4 T, big dimensions & large magnetic deformation 5 modules F 6900 mm ; L 2500 mm ; W= 50 t Solenoid composed by 5 modules (CB-2, CB-1, CB 0, CB+1, CB+2) I = 20 k. A

Winding of the Coil Specific winding technology developed by INFN Genova in collaboration with

Winding of the Coil Specific winding technology developed by INFN Genova in collaboration with Ansaldo Superconduttori Winding

Test of the Magnet (2006) 24 July Magnet Current Cycles achieved during August 28

Test of the Magnet (2006) 24 July Magnet Current Cycles achieved during August 28 August 19 k. A, 4 Tesla! 2 days stable operation at 3. 8 T

Tracking at LHC Need factor 10 better momentum resolution than at LEP 1000 particles

Tracking at LHC Need factor 10 better momentum resolution than at LEP 1000 particles emerging every crossing (25 ns) Fluence over 10 years of LHC Operation

Layout of CMS Tracking 120 cm TOB CMS TEC TIB Pix TID 300 cm

Layout of CMS Tracking 120 cm TOB CMS TEC TIB Pix TID 300 cm Si pixels surrounded by silicon strip detectors Pixels: ~ 1 m 2 of silicon sensors, 65 M pixels, 100 x 150 m 2 , r = 4, 7, 11 cm Si strips : 223 m 2 of silicon sensors, 10 M strips, 10 pts, r = 20 – 120 cm

The CMS Tracker n n Pixel Silicon Strip Tracker Largest Silicon Strip Detector ever

The CMS Tracker n n Pixel Silicon Strip Tracker Largest Silicon Strip Detector ever built: ~200 m 2 of silicon, instrumented volume ~24 m 3 u TIB (4 layers ) u TID (3 disks, 3 rings ) u TOB (6 layers) u TEC (9 disks, 7 rings )

Si Modules and Electronics Chain Si Sensors Ride on technology wave 75 k chips

Si Modules and Electronics Chain Si Sensors Ride on technology wave 75 k chips using 0. 25 m technology

System Components n n n Module u Sensor + FE Hybrid l chip: APV

System Components n n n Module u Sensor + FE Hybrid l chip: APV 25 (128 strips) - analog Optical converter (AOH) u one laser/fiber = 256 strips Controls/Clock/Trigger u Control chip (CCU) l I 2 C protocol with modules l rings of CCUs u Digital optical converted (DOH) l optical link to VME controller (FEC) String Hybrid+AOH Controls

System Components AOH (Perugia) Modules (all) DOM (Firenze) CCUM (Cern) Mother cable (Bari)

System Components AOH (Perugia) Modules (all) DOM (Firenze) CCUM (Cern) Mother cable (Bari)

The Start of the TIB Integration Apr. ‘ 05 The first string

The Start of the TIB Integration Apr. ‘ 05 The first string

Si Tracker TIB TEC

Si Tracker TIB TEC

Si Tracker

Si Tracker

Si Tracker

Si Tracker

Tracker Readied for Installation Dead channels ~ 0. 5 ‰ stable in time Noisy

Tracker Readied for Installation Dead channels ~ 0. 5 ‰ stable in time Noisy channels ~ 0. 5 % stable in time

Lead Tungstate ECAL Design Goal: Measure the energies of photons from a decay of

Lead Tungstate ECAL Design Goal: Measure the energies of photons from a decay of the Higgs boson to precision of ≤ 0. 5% CMS chose scintillating crystals To CMS m 3 CMS 75000 PWO 10 Belle 8816 Cs. I(Tl) Cleo II 7800 Cs. I(Tl) 5 Babar From Crystal Ball 6580 Cs. I(Tl) Crystal Ball 672 Na. I(Tl) Alice Crystal Barrel L 3 12000 BGO 1380 Cs. I(Tl) TAPS KTe. V 17920 PWO 3100 Cs. I 2008 1999 1989 1990 1985 1986 P. Lecoq 1972 600 Ba. F 2

CMS Requests and PWO To comply with LHC and CMS conditions ECAL must be:

CMS Requests and PWO To comply with LHC and CMS conditions ECAL must be: • fast • compact • highly segmented • radiation resistant 1995 1998 2 Very low light output T dependent: -2%/°C Very effective in high energy g containment

ECAL layout PWO: Pb. WO 4 about 10 m 3, 90 t barrel cystals

ECAL layout PWO: Pb. WO 4 about 10 m 3, 90 t barrel cystals Pb/Si preshower barrel Super Module (1700 crystals) Barrel: | | < 1. 48 36 Super Modules 61200 crystals (2 x 2 x 23 cm 3) endcap supercystals (5 x 5 crystals) End. Cap “Dee” 3662 crystals End. Caps: 1. 48 < | | < 3. 0 4 Dees 14648 crystals (3 x 3 x 22 cm 3)

Choice of the Photodetector deff ~6 m 40 m Avalanche photodiodes (APD) Two 5

Choice of the Photodetector deff ~6 m 40 m Avalanche photodiodes (APD) Two 5 x 5 mm 2 APDs/crystal - Gain: 50 QE: ~75% @ lpeak= 420 nm - Temperature dependence: -2. 4%/OC - Gain dependence on bias V: 3%/V

PWO Production BARREL ingot EE INGOT ENDCAPS ingots BARREL CRYSTALS ~ 1150 xl/m

PWO Production BARREL ingot EE INGOT ENDCAPS ingots BARREL CRYSTALS ~ 1150 xl/m

EB Construction: Regional Centers Submodule 2 x 5 crystals Module 400 crystals CERN Lab.

EB Construction: Regional Centers Submodule 2 x 5 crystals Module 400 crystals CERN Lab. 27 EP-CMA & Casaccia Assembly and test of modules in RC: ENDED in March 2007

INFN/ENEA Regional Center Check crystals in Rome RC Glue subunits and check APD gain

INFN/ENEA Regional Center Check crystals in Rome RC Glue subunits and check APD gain Y 2002 The first submodule! The first module!

EB Construction: Super Modules Cooling and electronics integration: completion by May 2007 Supermodule 1700

EB Construction: Super Modules Cooling and electronics integration: completion by May 2007 Supermodule 1700 crytsals Dead channels: 19/61200

ECAL Performance Response to high energy electrons 0. 5% Temperature Stability: ≤ 0. 1

ECAL Performance Response to high energy electrons 0. 5% Temperature Stability: ≤ 0. 1 °C Light response stability: ≤ 0. 1%

ECAL: Cosmics Signal in CMS

ECAL: Cosmics Signal in CMS

Layout of CMS Muon System 250 DTs 468 CSCs 480 RPCs

Layout of CMS Muon System 250 DTs 468 CSCs 480 RPCs

Muon System: Drift Tubes 42 mm Wire Electrode Strip 13 mm Mylar Spatial resolution:

Muon System: Drift Tubes 42 mm Wire Electrode Strip 13 mm Mylar Spatial resolution: Single cell 200 m Chamber 100 m

DT Chambers Assembly of 250 DT chambers: 70 Aachen, 70 Madrid 70 Padova, 40

DT Chambers Assembly of 250 DT chambers: 70 Aachen, 70 Madrid 70 Padova, 40 Torino • 1 layer = 70 wires • 27 gluing operations/chamber • 1 gluing operation = 1 day Precision of 100 m over 5 -10 m 2 Legnaro Assembly Hall Torino Assembly Hall

Muon System: Start of Installation First installation Aug. 03 CERN ISR Salvato Peghin First

Muon System: Start of Installation First installation Aug. 03 CERN ISR Salvato Peghin First installation test Aug. 2002

Muon System Completed ISTALLATION OF THE LAST OF THE 250 DT CHAMBERS IN THE

Muon System Completed ISTALLATION OF THE LAST OF THE 250 DT CHAMBERS IN THE CAVERN. IN WHEEL YB 0 26 Oct. 2007

Muon System: YB 0 DTs in Operation! 30 Hz 15 Hz S 03 S

Muon System: YB 0 DTs in Operation! 30 Hz 15 Hz S 03 S 01 3 Hz S 12 10 Hz 17 Hz S 11

Muon System: Resistive Plate Chambers Gas mixture 95. 5 C 2 H 2 F

Muon System: Resistive Plate Chambers Gas mixture 95. 5 C 2 H 2 F 4 3. 5 i. C 4 H 10 0. 3 SF 6 + RH 50% Main Unit of a RPC: Single Gap (SG) Two SG coupled with readout plane in between Main characteristics of the RPCs used in CMS: • Bakelite thickness: 2 mm • Bakelite bulk resistivity : 2 -6 1010 cm • Gas Gap width: 2 mm • Operating voltage: 9. 2 -9. 8 k. V

RPC chamber layout 480 RPCs coupled with DTs and inserted into the iron return

RPC chamber layout 480 RPCs coupled with DTs and inserted into the iron return yoke of the magnet RB 4 120 chambers (2 double gaps/chamber) RB 3 120 chambers (2 double gaps/chamber) RB 2 60 chambers (2 double gaps/chamber) + 60 chambers (3 double gaps/chamber) RB 1 120 chambers (2 double gaps/chamber) Forward UP Backward UP Double Gap DG Forward Down Backward Down

RPC Performance Cluster size Efficiency Counting rate All parameters are compatible with the results

RPC Performance Cluster size Efficiency Counting rate All parameters are compatible with the results obtained during the production tests

RPC: First Events in CMS

RPC: First Events in CMS

First Closure of the CMS Experiment (2006)

First Closure of the CMS Experiment (2006)

Magnet Test & Cosmic Challenge (MTCC) ECAL HCAL Magnet Tracker Muon chambers

Magnet Test & Cosmic Challenge (MTCC) ECAL HCAL Magnet Tracker Muon chambers

Run 2605 / Event 3981 / B 3. 8 T / 27. 08. 06

Run 2605 / Event 3981 / B 3. 8 T / 27. 08. 06

Cosmics in the Tracker (Bat 186) Example of Performance A cosmic at -15°C Validated

Cosmics in the Tracker (Bat 186) Example of Performance A cosmic at -15°C Validated clusters shown Normal Strips Dead Strips Noisy Strips • The Quality of the CMS Tracker is Excellent: • Dead or Noisy Strips < 3 / 1000 • Signal: Noise > 25: 1 in Peak Readout Mode • Enormous experience gained in operating the Tracker at TIF 99. 852 % (241 313 Strips) 0. 116 % (275 Strips) 0. 032 % (76 Strips)

Performance of CMS: Overview Tracking HCAL b-tagging

Performance of CMS: Overview Tracking HCAL b-tagging