Session 2 Dr Asha P Shetty MethodologyApproach Vs

Methodology/Approach Vs Design • Research Methodology: Entire strategy for the study, from identification of

Basic Types of Approaches • Historical • Survey • Experimental

Research Approach • Time • Availability of data • Relative manipulation of data by

What is a research problem? § § § Any situation that needs answering It

Research problem An enigmatic, perplexing, or troubling condition. Formulating the problem. The process that

A research problem can be specified What is wrong or is of concern in

Research questions • The specific queries the researcher wants to answer in addressing the

In qualitative studies, pose queries linked to the research tradition – Grounded theory: process

Importance of Problem Statement v. They direct investigation i. e. it serves as a

Sources of Research Problems § Previous research § Empirical interests , curiosity § Experience,

Criteria of good research problem v. Significance of the problem v. Research ability of

Problem Statements Ø Declarative form Ø Interrogative form

Components: Quantitative studies • Identify key study variables • Identify possible relationships among variables

Contd…. : Qualitative studies • Identify the central phenomenon • Indicate the research tradition

Questions to evaluate a research problem • Does the problem stated clearly, concisely and

• Is there a good match between the research problem and the paradigm

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Session 2 Dr Asha P Shetty

Methodology/Approach Vs Design • Research Methodology: Entire strategy for the study, from identification of the problem to final plans of data collection. • Research approach: Research approach is a systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of natural phenomena guided by theory and hypothesis about the relation among such phenomena • Research design: clearly defined structures within which the study is implemented

Basic Types of Approaches • Historical • Survey • Experimental

Research Approach • Time • Availability of data • Relative manipulation of data by researcher • Issues of sampling • Process of data collection • Role of researcher

What is a research problem? § § § Any situation that needs answering It is a felt difficulty or obstacle to a goal A question requiring an answer or solutions. A situation involving a doubt It lacks an available known answer but can be submitted to the process of scientific inquiry

Research problem An enigmatic, perplexing, or troubling condition. Formulating the problem. The process that the researcher uses to arrive at the research problem is called formulating the problem

A research problem can be specified What is wrong or is of concern in this situation? What are the discrepancies in this situation? What is known and not known about the situation? What information is needed to improve the situation? Will a particular intervention work in a clinical situation? • Would another intervention would be more effective? • What changes need to be made to improve this intervention? • • •

Research questions • The specific queries the researcher wants to answer in addressing the research problem. § Are sometimes direct rewordings of statements of purpose, worded as questions § Are sometimes used to clarify or lend specificity to the purpose statement § In quantitative studies, pose queries about the relationships among variables

In qualitative studies, pose queries linked to the research tradition – Grounded theory: process questions – Phenomenology: meaning questions – Ethnography: cultural description questions

Importance of Problem Statement v. They direct investigation i. e. it serves as a guide to the researcher in the course of designing the study. v. They help in specifying precisely the situation under study v. As they are ordinarily generalized rational statements, they enable the researcher to deduce specific empirical manifestations implied by the hypothesis

Sources of Research Problems § Previous research § Empirical interests , curiosity § Experience, clinical fieldwork and practical need § Research literature § Social issues § Theory § Ideas from external sources

Criteria of good research problem v. Significance of the problem v. Research ability of the problem v. Feasibility Ø Time & timing Ø Availability of subjects Ø Cooperation of others Ø Facilities & equipment Ø Money Cost Ø Experience of the researcher Ø Ethically approved v. Interest of the researcher

Problem Statements Ø Declarative form Ø Interrogative form

Components: Quantitative studies • Identify key study variables • Identify possible relationships among variables • Indicate the population of interest • Suggest, through use of verbs, the nature of the inquiry (e. g. , to test…, to compare…, to evaluate…)

Contd…. : Qualitative studies • Identify the central phenomenon • Indicate the research tradition (e. g. , grounded theory, ethnography) • Indicate the group, community, or setting of interest • Suggest, through use of verbs, the nature of the inquiry (e. g. , to describe…, to discover…, to explore…)

Questions to evaluate a research problem • Does the problem stated clearly, concisely and unambiguously? • Does the problem expresses a relationship between two or more variables? • Does the problem show the direction for empirical testing? • Is it specified the nature of population and the setting? • Has the researcher appropriately delimited the scope of the problem?

• Is there a good match between the research problem and the paradigm within which the research was conducted? • Does problem have a gender bias? • Does the reader get a feel for the magnitude of the problem? • Is background information provided on the research problem? • Can the level of research be identified (descriptive, explanatory, co relational or experimental) • Do the population and variable stated relate to the level of research identified. • Is it in declarative form or interrogative term • Does the study seem researchable based on the variable presented?

Any questions? ? ?