Motivation Motivation Motivation All the processes involved in

Motivation

Motivation �Motivation – All the processes involved in starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities.

Types of Motivation �Drive – Biologically instigated motivation. �Hunger �Thirst �Reproduction

Types of Motivation �Motive – An internal mechanism that selects and directs behavior. The term motive is often used in the narrower sense of a motivational process that is learned, rather than biologically based (as are drives).

Types of Motivation �Intrinsic Motivation – The desire to engage in an activity for its own sake, rather than for some external consequence, such as a reward.

Types of Motivation �Extrinsic Motivation – The desire to engage in an activity to achieve an external consequence, such as a reward.

Types of Motivation �Conscious Motivation – Having the desire to engage in an activity and being aware of the desire.

Types of Motivation �Unconscious motivation – Having a desire to engage in an activity but being consciously unaware of the desire. �Remember Freud’s psychoanalytic theory emphasized unconscious motivation.

Theories of Motivation �Instinct Theory – The now-outmoded view that certain behaviors are completely determined by innate factors. �Flawed because it overlooked the effects of learning and because it employed instincts merely as labels, rather than as explanations for behavior.

Theories of Motivation �Fixed-action Patterns – Genetically based behaviors, seen across a species, that can be set off by a specific stimulus. �The concept of fixed – action patters has replaced the older notion of instinct.

Theories of Motivation �Drive Theory �Need – In drive theory, a need is a biological imbalance (such as dehydration) that threatens survival if the need is left unmet. � Biological needs are believed to produce drives. � Homeostasis – The body’s tendency to maintain a biologically balanced condition, especially with regard to nutrients, water, and temperature.

Theories of Motivation �Cognitive Theory – Motivation is a result of learning and thinking �Locus of Control – An individual’s sense of where his or her life influences originate – internally or externally.

Theories of Motivation �Maslow’s Humanistic Theory – Said humans act on their most pressing needs, which are organized in a natural hierarchy. �Hierarchy of Needs – The notion that needs occur in priority order, with biological needs as the most basic.

Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Achievement Motivation �Need for Achievement – A mental state that produces a psychological motive to excel or to reach some goal.

Cross – Cultural Perspective on achievement �Individualism – The view, common in the Euro. American world, that places a high value on individual achievement and distinction. �Collectivism – The view, common in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East, that values group loyalty and pride over individual distinction.

Hunger & Thirst Motivation �Set Point - Refers to the tendency of the body to maintain a certain level of body fat and body weight. �Volumetric Thirst – A drop in extracellular fluid levels (fluid outside the cells in your body, as in the blood). �Osmotic Thirst – A drop in intracellular fluid levels (fluids that move through the cell walls of your body and escaped in the form of sweat, urine, feces, mucus, and moisture. )

Sexual Motivation �Sexual Response Cycle – The four-stage sequence of arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution occurring in both men and women. �Sexual Cues �Sexual Scripts – Socially learned ways of responding in sexual situations.

Motives in Conflict �Approach-Approach Conflict – A conflict in which one must choose between two equally attractive options.

Motives in Conflict �Approach-Avoidance Conflict – A conflict in which there are both appealing and negative aspects to the decision to be made.

Motives in Conflict �Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict – A conflict in which one has to choose between two equally unattractive options.

Motives in Conflict �Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict – A conflict in which one must choose between options that have both many attractive and many negative aspects.

How and Why do we Experience Stress? �Stress – A physical and mental response to a challenging or threatening situation. �Stressor – A stressful stimulus, a condition demanding adaptation.

Traumatic Stressors �Traumatic Stressors – A situation that threatens ones physical safety, arousing feelings of fear, horror, or helplessness. �Catastrophes �Posttraumatic Stress Disorder – Delayed stress reaction in which an individual involuntarily reexperiences emotional, cognitive, and behavioral aspects of past trauma.

Physical Stress Response �Initial Arousal �Protective behavioral reaction, usually in the form of fight or flight. �Internal responses of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system. �A decrease in the effectiveness of the immune system.

Arousal �Acute Stress – A temporary pattern of stressoractivated arousal with a distinct onset and limited duration. �Example – House is on Fire �Chronic Stress – Continuous stressful arousal persisting over time. �Example – Financial or relationship problems.

Fight or Flight �Fight or Flight Response – Sequence of internal processes preparing an organism for struggle or escape.

The General Adaptation Syndrome �General Adaptation Syndrome – Pattern of general physical responses that take essentially the same form in responding to any serious chronic stressor. �Three Stages � Alarm Reaction � Stage of Resistance � Stage of Exhaustion

The General Adaptation Syndrome �Alarm Reaction �First stage of the GAS, during which the body mobilizes its resources to cope with a stressor.

The General Adaptation Syndrome �Stage of Resistance �Second stage of the GAS, during which the body adapts to and uses resources to cope with a stressor.

The General Adaptation Syndrome �Stage of Exhaustion �Third stage of the GAS, during which the body depletes its resources in responding to an ongoing stressor.

The General Adaptation Syndrome �Tend-and-befriend Model – Stress response model proposing that females are biologically predisposed to respond to threat by nurturing and protecting offspring and seeking social support.

Stress and the Immune System �Psychoneuroimmunology – Multidisciplinary field that studies the influence of mental states on the immune system. �Cytokines – Hormonelike chemicals facilitating communication between brain and immune system.

Type A vs. Type B �Type A – Behavior patterns characterized by intense, angry, competitive, or perfectionistic responses to challenging situations. �Type B – Behavior patterns characterized by relaxed, unstressed approaches to life.

Learned Helplessness �Learned Helplessness – Pattern of failure to respond to noxious stimuli after an organism learns its responses are ineffective.