Introduction to Mass Media Digital Media Digital Media

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Introduction to Mass Media Digital Media

Introduction to Mass Media Digital Media

Digital Media • What is digital media? Digital media are any media that are

Digital Media • What is digital media? Digital media are any media that are encoded in a machinereadable format. Digital media can be created, viewed, distributed, modified and preserved on digital electronics devices. ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Computer programs and software; digital imagery, digital video; video games; web pages and websites, including social media; data and databases; digital audio, such as mp 3 s; e-books.

Digital Media • Digital media are frequently contrasted with print media, such as printed

Digital Media • Digital media are frequently contrasted with print media, such as printed books, newspapers and magazines, and other traditional or analog media, such as pictures, film or audio tape.

 • All emerging communications media that combine text, graphics, sound and video using

• All emerging communications media that combine text, graphics, sound and video using computer technology. • Internet We all know what is he watching!

Roger Fiddler and his Prediction

Roger Fiddler and his Prediction

Roger Fiddler and his Prediction • Roger Fiddler: the man who came up with

Roger Fiddler and his Prediction • Roger Fiddler: the man who came up with the tablet before Steve Jobs ▫ Digital newspaper ▫ mobile reading devices ▫ The Tablet Newspaper: A vision for the future (1995)

7 Fiddlers' Predictions for Cyber Media in the New Millennium • Digital technologies will

7 Fiddlers' Predictions for Cyber Media in the New Millennium • Digital technologies will make all cyber media more intimate and interactive • Tele-puters will be developed to display and interact with digital media • Broadband networks will provide low-cost access to multimedia content • Two-way wireless communication will be seamless and pervasive • E-mail will be integral to all digital media • Flat-screen display will become commonplace

Apple i. Phone

Apple i. Phone

Apple patented its i. Pad in 2004

Apple patented its i. Pad in 2004

H. H. Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, UAE Vice-President, Prime Minister and Ruler

H. H. Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, UAE Vice-President, Prime Minister and Ruler of Dubai, launching the learning initiative at Abu Dhabi Men’s College. --- Image from Emirates 24/7. Mohammed Bin Rashid Smart Learning Program

Before 1970 s: • Media were defined by the systems that delivered them. ▫

Before 1970 s: • Media were defined by the systems that delivered them. ▫ Paper delivered the print media --- newspaper, magazine, books ▫ Antennas carried broadcast signals --- TV, radio ▫ Film used to make --- Movies ▫ Discs to record --- Music Recordings • And organized by different companies: ▫ newspapers, magazines, book publishers, ▫ recording and movie studios, ▫ radio and TV stations.

Today: Internet combines all media • One system delivers all types of media: ▫

Today: Internet combines all media • One system delivers all types of media: ▫ ▫ Print Broadcast (TV and Radio) Movies Recordings • Delivered by different companies, carried by invisible signals, received wherever you are, using a small device at hand. • Digital communication becomes the biggest factor in today’s mass media industry.

Internet • Originally designed by scientists to share information has “evolved in a way

Internet • Originally designed by scientists to share information has “evolved in a way no one planned or expected” ▫ ▫ Global No central control Two way communication “it is the relationships among people that have shaped the medium”

Why called “digital” • Read, write and store data electronically in numbers • Numbers

Why called “digital” • Read, write and store data electronically in numbers • Numbers to code data • Numbered codes makes it compatible, function well with each other, exchange, integrate, … • Digital media support convergence

Convergence Theory • 1978, Nicholas Negroponte at MIT Media Lab, proposed a theory called

Convergence Theory • 1978, Nicholas Negroponte at MIT Media Lab, proposed a theory called Convergence • Convergence is not only for combining media economically, but also technically. • This convergence makes all media products resemble each other.

Convergence Theory • Nicholas Negroponte predicted the convergence of media industry in 1978 to

Convergence Theory • Nicholas Negroponte predicted the convergence of media industry in 1978 to 2000. (fig. in page 189) ▫ Print and publishing ▫ Broadcast and motion pictures ▫ The computer industry

The year 1978 Broadcast and motion picture industry Print and publishing industry Computer industry

The year 1978 Broadcast and motion picture industry Print and publishing industry Computer industry

The year 2000 Broadcast and motion picture industry Print and publishing industry Convergence Computer

The year 2000 Broadcast and motion picture industry Print and publishing industry Convergence Computer industry

The year 2017 Broadcast and motion picture industry Print and publishing industry Convergence Computer

The year 2017 Broadcast and motion picture industry Print and publishing industry Convergence Computer industry

Technology of Internet • Tim Berners-Lee: a British native with an Oxford degree in

Technology of Internet • Tim Berners-Lee: a British native with an Oxford degree in physics, working in 1989 in Geneva, Switzerland, at the CERN physics laboratory, created WWW (World Wide Web).

Technology of Internet • HTML: hypertext markup language, computerprogramming language • HTTP: hypertext transfer

Technology of Internet • HTML: hypertext markup language, computerprogramming language • HTTP: hypertext transfer protocol, create and send text, graphics, video info electronically and set up electronic connection (links) • Links: electronic connection from one source of information to another • Browser: softeware that allows people to display and interact with information on Web pages

 • 1994, Marc Andreessen and his colleagues at University of Illinois introduced Mosaic,

• 1994, Marc Andreessen and his colleagues at University of Illinois introduced Mosaic, put text and picture in one online document. • Mosaic evolve into Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer (IE)

Search Engine • founded in 1995, 8000 employee worldwide, makes money by subscription, advertising.

Search Engine • founded in 1995, 8000 employee worldwide, makes money by subscription, advertising. • founded in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin with four computers and $100, 000, now has 20, 000 employees worldwide and worth more than $150 billion

Culture of free information access • Berners-Lee and Andreessen placed their discoveries in the

Culture of free information access • Berners-Lee and Andreessen placed their discoveries in the public domain • Anyone with a computer and modem can download them from the Internet and use for free • Creates the culture of free information access

Web publishing • Today everyone can create his own webpage without knowing the programming

Web publishing • Today everyone can create his own webpage without knowing the programming language. • Placing something on the Web is called publishing, begins with a home page. • Few legal limitation or protection as compared with other published media

New media and old media The key of success for any media: • Technology

New media and old media The key of success for any media: • Technology • Audience demand • Creative content

Media evolution: does old media die? • “when newer forms of media emerge, the

Media evolution: does old media die? • “when newer forms of media emerge, the older do not die --- they continue to evolve and adapt” ----Roger Fiddler

29 Magazines: From Mass Medium to Specialized Medium • Golden age as the national

29 Magazines: From Mass Medium to Specialized Medium • Golden age as the national entertainment medium in the U. S. (1860 s-1900 s) • “Muckraking Journalism” and modern magazines (1900 -50 s) • Crash under TV age (1950 -60 s) • Revival as transformed into a specialized medium (segmented audiences at national/ international level)

30 Radio: From Broadcast Medium to Narrowcast Medium • Popularized in the 1920 s,

30 Radio: From Broadcast Medium to Narrowcast Medium • Popularized in the 1920 s, the first genuine national mass medium in the U. S. • Challenged after TV arrived in the 1950 s • Has transformed and survived due to ▫ ▫ ▫ miniaturization technology (portability) suburbanization (commuting audiences) specialization (narrowcasting, “e-magazines”) localization (for local advertisers) mobile (podcast)

Movies: Still Has a Life in the TV Age • 3 D movies •

Movies: Still Has a Life in the TV Age • 3 D movies • More explicit entertainment that people cannot see on TV

32 Delayed Adoption Principle • New media technologies always take longer than expected to

32 Delayed Adoption Principle • New media technologies always take longer than expected to become commercial successes. They tend to require at least one human generation (20 -30 years) to progress from proof of concept to widespread adoption. • Case study: cable, fax

33 Paul Saffo’s 30 -Year Rule • It takes 30 years (i. e. ,

33 Paul Saffo’s 30 -Year Rule • It takes 30 years (i. e. , a human generation) for a society to embrace an innovation: ▫ 1 st decade: excitement and puzzlement ▫ 2 nd decade: flux and penetration ▫ 3 rd decade: just a standard technology Paul Saffo, technology forecaster Prof. of Stanford University

34 Cable: It Took 30 Years • 1950 s: started as a complement to

34 Cable: It Took 30 Years • 1950 s: started as a complement to broadcasting TV in rural/remote areas • 1980 s: moved into cities as a supplement, and then a rival to broadcasting TV ▫ HBO used satellite to transmit movies ▫ CNN moved into broadcasting TV’s turf ▫ Deregulation gave cable industry incentives to set up the infrastructure

35 Fax: A Late Bloomer • Invented at the same time as telegraph •

35 Fax: A Late Bloomer • Invented at the same time as telegraph • Graphic potentials hindered by technology • Came to life in the 1980 s when finding users among businesses (instead of media) • Mass production led to wide penetration • Will be integrated into other media (TV/PC, smartphone)

36 Digital Divide • Digital divide refers to the unequal access to/use of the

36 Digital Divide • Digital divide refers to the unequal access to/use of the Internet (and other new ICTs) among: ▫ different classes within a society (“social divide”) ▫ different societies around the world (“global divide”)

Digital Divide • 2008, Tim Berners-Lee launched the World Wide Web Foundation to expand

Digital Divide • 2008, Tim Berners-Lee launched the World Wide Web Foundation to expand the use of the Internet to developing countries. • 2005, Nicholas Negroponte is the founder of One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) • Why? • http: //close-the-gap. org/

Source of Web income • ISP (Internet Service Provider): the largest single source •

Source of Web income • ISP (Internet Service Provider): the largest single source • Other potential sources of income: ▫ Promoting commerce ▫ Accepting advertising ▫ Providing online content

Promoting Commerce • E-business • Significant change of lifestyle

Promoting Commerce • E-business • Significant change of lifestyle

Accepting Advertising • • Banners, Borders Commercials Social media • Easy to access target

Accepting Advertising • • Banners, Borders Commercials Social media • Easy to access target audience and monitor consumer buying habits • “search marketing”: positioning internet advertising prominently next to consumer’s related online search results

Paying for online content • New York Times • i. Tune, Apple. TV, ibook,

Paying for online content • New York Times • i. Tune, Apple. TV, ibook, App store, Kindle books, • Netflix, • Video games

Digital media: personal, social and mobile

Digital media: personal, social and mobile

Social media in Arab region

Social media in Arab region

Government attempts to coordinate and control the net • Internet censorship in UAE: UAE

Government attempts to coordinate and control the net • Internet censorship in UAE: UAE Telecom Regulatory Authority (2012) ▫ Internet Content that contradicts with the ethics and morals of the UAE including Nudity and Dating. ▫ Internet Content that contains material which expresses hate to religions. ▫ Internet Content that is not inline with UAE Laws. ▫ Internet Content that allow or assist users to access Blocked Content. ▫ Internet Content that directly or indirectly constitute a risk on UAE internet users such as Phishing websites, Hacking tools & Spywares. ▫ Internet Content that is relevant to gambling. ▫ Internet Content that provide information on purchasing, manufacturing, promoting and using illegal drugs.

What is blocked in UAE • • • all non-UAE based VOIP (like Skype)

What is blocked in UAE • • • all non-UAE based VOIP (like Skype) facetime Flickr & Orkut (but Photobuckt not blocked) all Israeli domain (. il) all porn most hacking / warez /ddl websites all virus & worm distribution domains most numbers (IP) based URL addresses. A bunch of Hispanic forums

http: //hempbeach. com/red-bull-stratosspace-jump-live-coverage-all-system-goballoon-being-inflated-watch-live-here-on -hemp-beach-tv/

http: //hempbeach. com/red-bull-stratosspace-jump-live-coverage-all-system-goballoon-being-inflated-watch-live-here-on -hemp-beach-tv/

What is blocked in China • Google, Twitter, Flickr, You. Tube, Facebook, Word. Press…

What is blocked in China • Google, Twitter, Flickr, You. Tube, Facebook, Word. Press… • What do China have instead? ▫ Weibo, youku, renren, sina blog, baidu, wechat, QQ

Protection sought for intellectual property rights • intellectual property rights: legal protections for digital

Protection sought for intellectual property rights • intellectual property rights: legal protections for digital content • 2003, i. Tune to download music legally • Youtube: only movie trailers

Internet face four challenges • Open access • Consumer privacy • Storage capacity ▫

Internet face four challenges • Open access • Consumer privacy • Storage capacity ▫ cloud computing, data compression • Compatible delivery ▫ digital technology is most efficient way of delivering message ▫ analog is still used in many old media delivery systems

New Technologies Mix with Old Ideas • 1838, Charles Wheatstone, stereoscopic process, • Stereo

New Technologies Mix with Old Ideas • 1838, Charles Wheatstone, stereoscopic process, • Stereo cards and stereoscope

New Technologies Mix with Old Ideas • 1950 s, View-Master, circular cards with 3

New Technologies Mix with Old Ideas • 1950 s, View-Master, circular cards with 3 -D images

New Technologies Mix with Old Ideas

New Technologies Mix with Old Ideas

New Technologies Mix with Old Ideas • Virtual reality systems

New Technologies Mix with Old Ideas • Virtual reality systems

Virtual Reality • Virtual reality systems ▫ Be now here (1995 -97)

Virtual Reality • Virtual reality systems ▫ Be now here (1995 -97)

Virtual Reality Systems

Virtual Reality Systems

New Technologies Mix with Old Ideas • Wikis: (wikipedia) ▫ means fast in Hawaiian

New Technologies Mix with Old Ideas • Wikis: (wikipedia) ▫ means fast in Hawaiian word, ▫ Allows many people to collaborate to create and update internet pages • Personalized channels: RSS ▫ RSS: Really Simple Syndication, allows people to select a personal set of Internet programs and services to be delivered to a single website location.

The future of digital media • The future of digital media is bound only

The future of digital media • The future of digital media is bound only by the needs of consumers and the imagination of media developers. • “The internet is still in its infancy, and its potential is enormous”, it could “revolutionize human communication even more dramatically than Johann Gutenberg’s first printing press did more than 500 years ago” ----- David Shaw