CONSCIOUSNESS Forms of Consciousness AP Photo Ricardo Mazalan

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CONSCIOUSNESS

CONSCIOUSNESS

Forms of Consciousness AP Photo/ Ricardo Mazalan Stuart Franklin/ Magnum Photos Christine Brune Bill

Forms of Consciousness AP Photo/ Ricardo Mazalan Stuart Franklin/ Magnum Photos Christine Brune Bill Ling/ Digital Vision/ Getty Images Consciousness, modern psychologists believe, is an awareness of ourselves and our environment.

Selective Attention Our conscious awareness processes only a small part of all that we

Selective Attention Our conscious awareness processes only a small part of all that we experience. We intuitively make use of the information we are not consciously aware of.

Inattentional Blindness Daniel Simons, University of Illinois Inattentional blindness refers to the inability to

Inattentional Blindness Daniel Simons, University of Illinois Inattentional blindness refers to the inability to see an object or a person in our midst. Simons & Chabris (1999) showed that half of the observers failed to see the gorilla-suited assistant in a ball passing game.

Change Blindness Change blindness is a form of inattentional blindness in which two-thirds of

Change Blindness Change blindness is a form of inattentional blindness in which two-thirds of individuals giving directions failed to notice a change in the individual asking for directions. © 1998 Psychonomic Society Inc. Image provided courtesy of Daniel J. Simmons.

STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS SLEEP and DREAMS

STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS SLEEP and DREAMS

Macbeth William Shakespeare 1564 - 1616 “Sleep that knits up the ravelled sleave of

Macbeth William Shakespeare 1564 - 1616 “Sleep that knits up the ravelled sleave of care The death of each day's life, sore labour's bath Balm of hurt minds, great nature's second course, Chief nourisher in life's feast. ”

“If it is sleep that knits up the raveled sleeve of care, then an

“If it is sleep that knits up the raveled sleeve of care, then an overwhelming number of Americans are walking around with distinctly tatty shirt cuffs. ” Natalie Angiers, 1990

Biological Rhythms and Sleep Circadian Rhythms occur on a 24 -hour cycle and include

Biological Rhythms and Sleep Circadian Rhythms occur on a 24 -hour cycle and include sleep and wakefulness. Termed our “biological clock, ” it can be altered by artificial light. Light triggers the suprachiasmatic nucleus located in the hypothalamus to decrease (morning) melatonin from the pineal gland increase (evening) it at nightfall.

Sleep Stages Measuring sleep: About every 90 minutes, we pass through a cycle of

Sleep Stages Measuring sleep: About every 90 minutes, we pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages. Hank Morgan/ Rainbow

Awake but Relaxed When an individual closes his eyes but remains awake, his brain

Awake but Relaxed When an individual closes his eyes but remains awake, his brain activity slows down to slower, regular alpha waves (8 -12 cps). A meditating person exhibits an alpha brain activity.

Sleep Stages 1 -2 During early, light sleep (stages 1) the brain enters a

Sleep Stages 1 -2 During early, light sleep (stages 1) the brain enters a slower, regular wave form called theta waves (4 -7 cps). A person who is daydreaming shows theta activity. Theta Waves

Sleep Stages 1 -2 During the second phase of light sleep (stage 2) the

Sleep Stages 1 -2 During the second phase of light sleep (stage 2) the brainwave pattern shows theta waves and characteristic sleep spindles and the K complex. Theta Waves

Sleep Stages 3 -4 During deepest sleep (stages 3 -4), brain activity slows down.

Sleep Stages 3 -4 During deepest sleep (stages 3 -4), brain activity slows down. There are large-amplitude, slow delta waves (1 - 2 cps).

Sleep Stages 3 -4 In stage 3, 20%-50% of the waves are delta; in

Sleep Stages 3 -4 In stage 3, 20%-50% of the waves are delta; in stage 4, more than 50% are delta waves.

Stage 5: REM Sleep After reaching the deepest sleep stage (4), the sleep cycle

Stage 5: REM Sleep After reaching the deepest sleep stage (4), the sleep cycle starts moving backward towards stage 1. Although still asleep, the brain engages in low- amplitude, fast and regular beta waves (13 -40 cps) much like the awake-aroused state. A person during this sleep exhibits Rapid Eye Movements (REM) and reports vivid dreams.

90 -Minute Cycles During Sleep With each 90 -minute cycle, stage 4 sleep decreases

90 -Minute Cycles During Sleep With each 90 -minute cycle, stage 4 sleep decreases and the duration of REM sleep increases. The last REM stage can last 30+ minutes tage can last up to 30 minues

90 -Minute Cycles During Sleep For children, deep sleep comprises 40% of the sleep

90 -Minute Cycles During Sleep For children, deep sleep comprises 40% of the sleep record; for adults, only 25%.

90 -Minute Cycles During Sleep REM sleep represents about 25% of the sleep record

90 -Minute Cycles During Sleep REM sleep represents about 25% of the sleep record in adults and older children.

90 -Minute Cycles During Sleep Adults spend almost 60% of their sleep time in

90 -Minute Cycles During Sleep Adults spend almost 60% of their sleep time in stages 1 & 2

Why do we sleep? • • Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc. / Corbis • •

Why do we sleep? • • Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc. / Corbis • • • We spend on average 36% of our lives sleeping; in a 90 year old, that represents 32 years. On average, humans need 7 – 10 hours sleep. Newborns require 16 Teens require 9 and get 5 Adults require 7 -8 hours and get 6. 5

If applied to the older population as a whole, at least 13 million Americans

If applied to the older population as a whole, at least 13 million Americans are aware enough of their chronic sleep deficiency to cite it as a source of misery.

During the 1990 s, several health surveys�� of 21, 000 people 65 years and

During the 1990 s, several health surveys�� of 21, 000 people 65 years and older found that more than 50% reported sleeping badly and feeling poorly rested upon awakening. National Institute on Aging

Sleep Deprivation 1. Fatigue 1. Impaired concentration. 2. Emotional irritability. 3. Depressed immune system.

Sleep Deprivation 1. Fatigue 1. Impaired concentration. 2. Emotional irritability. 3. Depressed immune system. 4. Greater incidence of accidents 5. Obesity 6. Mental illness

Sleep Deprivation 31 % of drivers report falling asleep at the wheel at least

Sleep Deprivation 31 % of drivers report falling asleep at the wheel at least once 100, 000 Americans /year die as a consequence

Accidents Frequency of accidents increase with loss of sleep

Accidents Frequency of accidents increase with loss of sleep

Why Do We Sleep? http: //www. radiolab. org/story/91528 -sleep/ Sleep

Why Do We Sleep? http: //www. radiolab. org/story/91528 -sleep/ Sleep

Sleep Theories 1. Sleep Protects: Sleeping in the darkness when predators loomed about kept

Sleep Theories 1. Sleep Protects: Sleeping in the darkness when predators loomed about kept our ancestors out of harm’s way. 2. Sleep Helps us Recover: Sleep helps restore and repair brain tissue. 3. Sleep Helps us Remember: Sleep restores and rebuilds our memories. 4. Sleep may play a role in the growth process: During sleep, the pituitary gland releases growth hormone. Older people release less of this hormone and sleep less.

Sleep Theories 5. Immune System function 6. Insight and problem solving 7. Neural development

Sleep Theories 5. Immune System function 6. Insight and problem solving 7. Neural development and neural connectivity 8. Energy conservation 9. Planning, reasoning, creativity

Sleep Disorders 1. Insomnia: A persistent inability to fall asleep. 2. Narcolepsy: Overpowering urge

Sleep Disorders 1. Insomnia: A persistent inability to fall asleep. 2. Narcolepsy: Overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up. 3. Sleep apnea: Failure to breathe when asleep.

Sleep Disorders Insomnia: A persistent inability to fall asleep. Symptoms: 1. Difficulty falling asleep

Sleep Disorders Insomnia: A persistent inability to fall asleep. Symptoms: 1. Difficulty falling asleep 2. Interrupted sleep 3. Waking early

Sleep Disorders Narcolepsy: a neurological disorder that affects the control of sleep. People experience

Sleep Disorders Narcolepsy: a neurological disorder that affects the control of sleep. People experience intermittent, uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep during the daytime.

Sleep Disorders Narcolepsy https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=nv. Myu. ZKGKAY - narcolepsy

Sleep Disorders Narcolepsy https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=nv. Myu. ZKGKAY - narcolepsy

Sleep Disorders Sleep Apnea: A sleep disorder in which a person’s breathing is interrupted

Sleep Disorders Sleep Apnea: A sleep disorder in which a person’s breathing is interrupted during sleep. Types include: 1. obstructive sleep apnea, caused by a blockage of the airway 2. Central sleep apnea in which the brain fails to signal the muscless to breathe

Sleep Disorders

Sleep Disorders

Sleep Disorders Children are most prone to: § § § Night terrors: The sudden

Sleep Disorders Children are most prone to: § § § Night terrors: The sudden arousal from sleep with intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions (e. g. , rapid heart rate, perspiration) which occur during Stage 4 sleep. Sleepwalking: A Stage 4 disorder which is usually harmless and unrecalled the next day. Sleeptalking: A condition that runs in families, like sleepwalking.

Dreams The link between REM sleep and dreaming has opened up a new era

Dreams The link between REM sleep and dreaming has opened up a new era of dream research.

The Biology of Dreaming �� �� Neurobiologists and neuropsychiatrists tend to think of dreaming

The Biology of Dreaming �� �� Neurobiologists and neuropsychiatrists tend to think of dreaming as shaped by the activation of brain neurons.

�� The activation synthesis model (Hobson and Mc. Carley, 1977) states that dreams are

�� The activation synthesis model (Hobson and Mc. Carley, 1977) states that dreams are reactions to random nervous system stimuli which the brain interprets as bizarre images and other sensory hallucinations.

The Biology of Dreaming Crick and Mitchison (1983) believe that the brain’s neural memory

The Biology of Dreaming Crick and Mitchison (1983) believe that the brain’s neural memory systems are easily overloaded and that REM eliminates cognitive debris. Dreams are a mechanism for the nervous system to clear the brain of unnecessary, even harmful memories. Remembered dreams are nothing more than an accidental byproduct of this REM function

The Biology of Dreaming David Maurice, Ph. D. (1998), suggests that humans experience REM

The Biology of Dreaming David Maurice, Ph. D. (1998), suggests that humans experience REM sleep to supply oxygen to the cornea of the eye. The aqueous humor, the clear watery liquid in the chamber just behind the cornea, needs to be “stirred” to bring oxygen to the cornea. “Without REM, our corneas would starve and suffocate while we are asleep with our eyes closed. ”

Why We Dream Physiological Function: Dreams provide the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation to

Why We Dream Physiological Function: Dreams provide the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation to develop and preserve neural pathways. Neural networks of newborns are quickly developing; therefore, they need more sleep.

Why We Dream All dream researchers believe we need REM sleep. When deprived of

Why We Dream All dream researchers believe we need REM sleep. When deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep, we show increased REM sleep called REM Rebound.

The Psychoanalytic Response One hundred years of psychoanalytic research and experience show that there

The Psychoanalytic Response One hundred years of psychoanalytic research and experience show that there is much that can be learned about the mental and emotional lives of people by dream interpretation and other psychological methods.

The Theoretical Controversy Continues “Neither the classical psychoanalytic approach nor the physiologic attacks on

The Theoretical Controversy Continues “Neither the classical psychoanalytic approach nor the physiologic attacks on it have been able to explain fully the purpose or function of dreaming. ” Ramon Greenberg, MD. , Harvard Medical School

A Connection between the Physiological and the Psychoanalytic Allen Braun, M. D. has discovered

A Connection between the Physiological and the Psychoanalytic Allen Braun, M. D. has discovered that regions of the brain which control emotion and motivation are highly active during REM sleep. Regions of the brain central to self-discipline, delay of gratification, and impulse control, are relatively inactive. Thus, the prefrontal cortex is unable to carry out its waking task of censoring material.

Is it possible the person who is the most inhibited when awake would have

Is it possible the person who is the most inhibited when awake would have the least active pre-frontal cortex when asleep? This would fit the model of psychoanalysis, which suggests that if you repress during the day, the material will most likely come oozing out during dreams.

The Freudian View The dream represents an ongoing wish, along with the previous days

The Freudian View The dream represents an ongoing wish, along with the previous days activities. The dream may portray wishes that have been with us since early childhood. Every dream is partially motivated by a childhood wish. Dreams are derived from instinctual needs and personal experiences.

The Freudian View Freud did not believe dream interpretation was possible by the dreamer;

The Freudian View Freud did not believe dream interpretation was possible by the dreamer; dreams could only be interpreted by a trained psychoanalyst. A primary method for gathering information about the meaning of the dream was through free association.

Manifest and Latent Content • The manifest dream is what the dreamer’s inner censor

Manifest and Latent Content • The manifest dream is what the dreamer’s inner censor will permit to float to the surface of awareness. • The latent dream is the repressed wish. “One finds the child with his impulses living on in the dream. ” (Freud) • Every dream exhibits a point of contact with the events of the previous day.

What We Dream Manifest Content: A Freudian term meaning the story line of dreams.

What We Dream Manifest Content: A Freudian term meaning the story line of dreams. 1. Negative Emotional Content: 8 out of 10 dreams have negative emotional content. 2. Failure Dreams: People commonly dream about failure, being attacked, pursued, rejected, or struck with misfortune. 3. Sexual Dreams: Contrary to our thinking, sexual dreams are sparse. Sexual dreams in men are 1 in 10; and in women 1 in 30.

Freud and Dream Symbols • Freud assigned only a marginal role to symbols. He

Freud and Dream Symbols • Freud assigned only a marginal role to symbols. He warned against overestimating the significance of symbols for dream interpretation.

Dream Theories Summary

Dream Theories Summary

Carl Jung’s Theory Carl Jung 1875 -1961 Jung believed in the psychological significance of

Carl Jung’s Theory Carl Jung 1875 -1961 Jung believed in the psychological significance of dreams. Like Freud, he viewed dreams as an important gateway to the unknown parts of the self. The dream was a direct message from the personal unconscious.

Jungian Analysis Unlike Freud, Jung believed the dreamer could interpret his/her own dreams using

Jungian Analysis Unlike Freud, Jung believed the dreamer could interpret his/her own dreams using a process involving the analysis of dreams over time. He suggested taking similar dreams from the dream journal and merging the dream images together to form a larger dream. In addition, Jung encouraged the dreamer to brainstorm all the different symbolic associations for each aspect of the dream. Another stage of Jungian dream analysis is active imagination. The dreamer mentally evokes a character from the dream and asks it questions.

Dream Symbolism • According to Jung, universal symbols are those rooted to the experience

Dream Symbolism • According to Jung, universal symbols are those rooted to the experience of all humankind are, therefore, common to everyone. • Jung considered the archetypes of the collective unconscious to be universal symbols

Fritz Perls’ Theory • According to Fritz Perls, dreams are seen as being projections

Fritz Perls’ Theory • According to Fritz Perls, dreams are seen as being projections of parts of oneself. Essentially, as the creator of the dream, you are everything in the dream. 1893 -1970

Dream analysis involves much dialogue and acting out. The dreamer is encouraged to act

Dream analysis involves much dialogue and acting out. The dreamer is encouraged to act out the dream from the perspective of each animate and inanimate element. All dream symbolism is unique in that it comes from the dreamer, and only the dreamer can truly interpret it.

Common Universal Symbols

Common Universal Symbols

House The self

House The self

Weather What one is going through in life

Weather What one is going through in life

Water The emotions, the unconscious, the source of all life. Type of water and

Water The emotions, the unconscious, the source of all life. Type of water and movement of water give clues about what is happening in the feelings and the unconscious.

Time of day The time of one’s life or one’s state of being. (Dawn:

Time of day The time of one’s life or one’s state of being. (Dawn: youth, optimism; dusk: withdrawal, approaching death)

People known to you a particular quality of yourself

People known to you a particular quality of yourself

Strangers Qualities of yourself that you do not own

Strangers Qualities of yourself that you do not own

Animals Compulsive or habitual ways of thinking and acting

Animals Compulsive or habitual ways of thinking and acting

Death Change

Death Change

Black horse Refusal to exercise free will

Black horse Refusal to exercise free will

Vehicles Information about your physical body

Vehicles Information about your physical body

Shoes Your mental or spiritual foundation

Shoes Your mental or spiritual foundation

Clothing One’s outer expression

Clothing One’s outer expression

Naked You have opened up in your waking life or let the walls down.

Naked You have opened up in your waking life or let the walls down. Represents a desire to communicate more deeply with others

Flying Exercising free choice

Flying Exercising free choice

Running away and finding your feet and legs are moving, but you are not

Running away and finding your feet and legs are moving, but you are not moving forward Trying to do too many things at once and never seeming to get

Silly Dream Symbols

Silly Dream Symbols

Alligator: treachery Animals: your own physical characteristics, primitive desires, and sexual nature; the untamed

Alligator: treachery Animals: your own physical characteristics, primitive desires, and sexual nature; the untamed and uncivilized aspects of self. Crocodile: hidden danger Dog: skill that you have ignored or forgotten. Also might mean intuition, loyalty fidelity. Eel: issues with commitment.

Dream Symbol Dictionaries • Even universal meaning and generalized definitions are of minimal value

Dream Symbol Dictionaries • Even universal meaning and generalized definitions are of minimal value in relation to self-understanding and personal growth. • Only through discovering one’s own translations of symbols and images can the individual effect change or insight. • Symbols change meaning according to the context in which they appear and the personal experiences of the dreamer

Personal Symbols • Personal symbols are formed in the unconscious and are tailored to

Personal Symbols • Personal symbols are formed in the unconscious and are tailored to reflect the person’s life experience and emotion. The unconscious is able to create a symbol to illustrate a particular inner message. • Understanding personal symbols is one of the primary goals of dream work.

Dream analysis involves much dialogue and acting out. The dreamer is encouraged to act

Dream analysis involves much dialogue and acting out. The dreamer is encouraged to act out the dream from the perspective of each animate and inanimate element. All dream symbolism is unique in that it comes from the dreamer, and only the dreamer can truly interpret it.

Completing the Plot: another method of interpretation • The dreamer rewrites the ending or

Completing the Plot: another method of interpretation • The dreamer rewrites the ending or completes the plot of his/her dream in a waking state. Learning to take control and create positive options in your dream life enhances your ability to do that in your waking life.

Helpful Hints for Better Dream Recall • Before going to sleep – Expect to

Helpful Hints for Better Dream Recall • Before going to sleep – Expect to remember your dreams – Review past dreams – Get ready to record your dreams – Be prepared to stay awake to make a record – Review the previous day back to morning Upon waking – Follow your dream backwards – Try and remember all the dreams you can – Think of events that may have triggered dreams – Write it down

Dream Recall • Daily Attitudes – Value each dream – Accept all dreams –

Dream Recall • Daily Attitudes – Value each dream – Accept all dreams – Approach recall as a skill – Expect to recall dreams during the day

Procedures for Recall • Keep a pad of paper and pen beside your bed.

Procedures for Recall • Keep a pad of paper and pen beside your bed. Date the paper. When you awaken, write something down. • When you go to bed, relax your body and review the day in reverse. • As you are getting close to falling asleep, repeat over and over, “When I wake up, I will remember my dream. ” • When you wake in the morning, don’t move. Relax and let your mind drift close to the dream. • Once you begin to recall the dream, start writing.

How to Begin Your Own Interpretation • What are the unusual or personally significant

How to Begin Your Own Interpretation • What are the unusual or personally significant images in your dreams? • What are the primary emotions in your dreams? • What are the conflicts and/or unresolved issues in the dream? • What is currently happening in your conscious, waking life? • Are there any associations between your conscious life and your dreams? Explore. • Do any common patterns or themes exist in the dreams that could tie them together? What are they?

 • How are you acting in the dream? • What are the different

• How are you acting in the dream? • What are the different feelings in this dream? • What are the major actions in this dream? • Who or what is the adversary in this dream? • What or who is helping in this dream? • What would I like to avoid in this dream? • What actions might this dream be suggesting? • What does this dream want from me? • Why did I need this dream?

Lucid Dreaming • When you feel yourself awakening, try to focus your thoughts on

Lucid Dreaming • When you feel yourself awakening, try to focus your thoughts on the last dream you were having. Recall details, feeling, experiences. Then spend ten to fifteen minutes reading, meditating, or doing something that requires full wakefulness. Then while lying in bed, say to yourself: the next time I dream, I want to recognize that I’m dreaming. ” Visualize your body lying in bed, sleeping. See yourself back in your last dream, but know that you are dreaming. • Once in the lucid dream, recognize that you control the dream.

Prophetic Dreams • Seventy years ago, Harvard psychologists Murray and Wheeler tested the prophetic

Prophetic Dreams • Seventy years ago, Harvard psychologists Murray and Wheeler tested the prophetic power of dreams. They invited the public to report dreams about the kidnapping of Charles Lindbergh’s baby. • 1300 people responded: 5% envisioned that the child was dead • 4 of the 1300 anticipated the location of the dead child

Prophecy? • In 1990’s tabloid psychics missed the big events of Oklahoma, 9/11. 65%

Prophecy? • In 1990’s tabloid psychics missed the big events of Oklahoma, 9/11. 65% of police departments never use psychics. Of those who had hired psychics, none found the information useful. • We tend to notice, interpret, and recall events that confirm our expectations. Weird coincidences capture our attention and are available in memory. All the nonevents are unnoticed and not remembered.

Whatever. . Bad Dream

Whatever. . Bad Dream

Sweet Dream

Sweet Dream

Get some sleep

Get some sleep

Why We Dream 1. Wish Fulfillment: Sigmund Freud suggested that dreams provide a psychic

Why We Dream 1. Wish Fulfillment: Sigmund Freud suggested that dreams provide a psychic safety valve to discharge unacceptable feelings. The dream’s manifest (apparent) content may also have symbolic meanings (latent content) that signify our unacceptable feelings. 2. Information Processing: Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix a day’s experiences in our memories.

Hypnosis http: //iddiokrysto. blog. excite. it A social interaction in which one person (the

Hypnosis http: //iddiokrysto. blog. excite. it A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur. Hypnos: Greek god of sleep

Facts and Falsehood Those who practice hypnosis agree that its power resides in the

Facts and Falsehood Those who practice hypnosis agree that its power resides in the subject’s openness to suggestion. Can anyone experience hypnosis? Yes, to some extent. Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events? No.

Facts and Falsehood Can hypnosis force people to act against their will? No. Can

Facts and Falsehood Can hypnosis force people to act against their will? No. Can hypnosis be therapeutic? Yes. Self-suggestion can heal too. Can hypnosis alleviate pain? Yes. Lamaze can do that too.

Explaining the Hypnotized State Courtesy of News and Publications Service, Stanford University 1. Social

Explaining the Hypnotized State Courtesy of News and Publications Service, Stanford University 1. Social Influence Theory: Hypnotic subjects may simply be imaginative actors playing a social role. 2. Divided Consciousness Theory: Hypnosis is a special state of dissociated (divided) consciousness (Hilgard, 1986, 1992). (Hilgard, 1992)

Mimi Forsyth Both Theories

Mimi Forsyth Both Theories

Drugs and Consciousness Psychoactive Drug: A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood (affects

Drugs and Consciousness Psychoactive Drug: A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood (affects consciousness).

Dependence & Addiction Continued use of a psychoactive drug produces tolerance. With repeated exposure

Dependence & Addiction Continued use of a psychoactive drug produces tolerance. With repeated exposure to a drug, the drug’s effect lessens. Thus it takes greater quantities to get the desired effect.

Withdrawal & Dependence 1. Withdrawal: Upon stopping use of a drug (after addiction), users

Withdrawal & Dependence 1. Withdrawal: Upon stopping use of a drug (after addiction), users may experience the undesirable effects of withdrawal. 2. Dependence: Absence of a drug may lead to a feeling of physical pain, intense cravings (physical dependence), and negative emotions (psychological dependence).

Misconceptions About Addiction is a craving for a chemical substance, despite its adverse consequences

Misconceptions About Addiction is a craving for a chemical substance, despite its adverse consequences (physical & psychological). 1. Addictive drugs quickly corrupt. 2. Addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily. 3. Addiction is no different than repetitive pleasure-seeking behaviors.

Psychoactive Drugs Psychoactive drugs are divided into three groups. 1. Depressants 2. Stimulants 3.

Psychoactive Drugs Psychoactive drugs are divided into three groups. 1. Depressants 2. Stimulants 3. Hallucinogen s

Depressants are drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. They include: 1.

Depressants are drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. They include: 1. Alcohol 2. Barbiturate s 3. Opiates

Depressants 1. Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment, and memory…and increases aggressiveness while reducing self

Depressants 1. Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment, and memory…and increases aggressiveness while reducing self awareness. Ray Ng/ Time & Life Pictures/ Getty Images Daniel Hommer, NIAAA, NIH, HHS Drinking and Driving

Depressants 2. Barbiturates: Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing

Depressants 2. Barbiturates: Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal are some examples.

Depressants http: //opioids. com/timeline 3. Opiates: Opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) depress

Depressants http: //opioids. com/timeline 3. Opiates: Opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. They are highly addictive.

Stimulants are drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. Examples of

Stimulants are drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. Examples of stimulants are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Caffeine Nicotine Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamines Methamphetamines

Cocaine induces immediate euphoria followed by a crash. Crack, a form of cocaine, can

Cocaine induces immediate euphoria followed by a crash. Crack, a form of cocaine, can be smoked. Other forms of cocaine can be sniffed or injected. http: //www. ohsinc. com

Ecstasy or Methylenedioxymethamphe tamine (MDMA) is a stimulant and mild hallucinogen. It produces a

Ecstasy or Methylenedioxymethamphe tamine (MDMA) is a stimulant and mild hallucinogen. It produces a euphoric high and can damage serotoninproducing neurons, which results in a permanent deflation of mood and impairment of memory.

Hallucinogens Ronald K. Siegel Hallucinogens are psychedelic (mindmanifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke

Hallucinogens Ronald K. Siegel Hallucinogens are psychedelic (mindmanifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

Hallucinogens Hemp Plant http: //static. howstuffworks. com 1. LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamide) powerful hallucinogenic

Hallucinogens Hemp Plant http: //static. howstuffworks. com 1. LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamide) powerful hallucinogenic drug that is also known as acid. 2. THC (delta-9 -tetrahydrocannabinol): is the major active ingredient in marijuana (hemp plant) that triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.

Near-Death Experiences (From “Hallucinations” by R. K. Siegel. Copyright © 1977 Scientific American, Inc.

Near-Death Experiences (From “Hallucinations” by R. K. Siegel. Copyright © 1977 Scientific American, Inc. All rights reserved. ) After a close brush with death, many people report an experience of moving through a dark tunnel with a light at the end. Under the influence of hallucinogens, others report bright lights at the center of their field of vision.