Chapter 17 First Aid Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning

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Chapter 17 First Aid Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not

Chapter 17 First Aid Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17: 1 Providing First Aid • Immediate care given to the victim of an

17: 1 Providing First Aid • Immediate care given to the victim of an accident or illness to minimize the effect of injury or illness until experts can take over • Can mean the difference between life and death, recovery versus permanent disability Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Basic Principles of First Aid • • Remain calm and avoid panic Evaluate situation

Basic Principles of First Aid • • Remain calm and avoid panic Evaluate situation thoroughly Have a reason for anything you do Treatment will vary based on injury or illness, environment, others present, equipment or supplies on hand, availability of medical help Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Basic Principles of First Aid • First step: recognize that an emergency exists –

Basic Principles of First Aid • First step: recognize that an emergency exists – Use all senses to detect problems – Sometimes signs of emergency are obvious and at other times they are less obvious • Next step: take action to assist victim(s) – Check scene and make sure approach is safe Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Basic Principles of First Aid • Avoid dangerous pitfalls and provide efficient care –

Basic Principles of First Aid • Avoid dangerous pitfalls and provide efficient care – If not safe, call for medical help – If safe, approach the victim • Call emergency medical services (EMS) as soon as possible Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Basic Principles of First Aid • If possible, obtain the victim’s permission before providing

Basic Principles of First Aid • If possible, obtain the victim’s permission before providing any care • Triage if necessary – Treat life-threatening injuries first • Examine the victim thoroughly Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Basic Principles of First Aid • Have a sound reason for any action you

Basic Principles of First Aid • Have a sound reason for any action you take • Report abnormalities to EMS • Obtain as much information about accident, injury, or illness as possible Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Summary Obtain qualified help as soon as possible Avoid any unnecessary movement of victim

Summary Obtain qualified help as soon as possible Avoid any unnecessary movement of victim Reassure victim If victim is unconscious or vomiting, avoid giving anything to eat or drink • Protect victim from cold or chilling; avoid overheating • • Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Summary • Work quickly and in an organized and efficient manner • Do not

Summary • Work quickly and in an organized and efficient manner • Do not make a diagnosis or discuss condition with observers at scene – Maintain confidentiality/right to privacy • Avoid further injury Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17: 2 Performing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): – Cardio: heart – Pulmonary:

17: 2 Performing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): – Cardio: heart – Pulmonary: lungs – Resuscitation: to remove from apparent death or unconsciousness • When performing CPR, you breathe for patient and circulate blood Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17: 2 Performing CPR • Purpose: keep oxygenated blood flowing to brain and other

17: 2 Performing CPR • Purpose: keep oxygenated blood flowing to brain and other vital body organs • Performed until the heart and lungs start working again or until medical help is available • Clinical versus biological death Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Components of CPR • C-A-B-D – C stands for circulation – A stands for

Components of CPR • C-A-B-D – C stands for circulation – A stands for airway – B stands for breathing – D stands for defibrillation Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Components of CPR • Automated external defibrillator (AED) – Provides electric shock to restore

Components of CPR • Automated external defibrillator (AED) – Provides electric shock to restore normal electrical pattern and rhythm – Adult and child shock dosages – Use CPR until an AED is available Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Basic Principles of CPR • Evaluate victim’s condition before starting CPR – Check if

Basic Principles of CPR • Evaluate victim’s condition before starting CPR – Check if patient is conscious – If unconscious, check for breathing – If not breathing, call for help Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Basic Principles of CPR • If alone, call before providing care to – Unconscious

Basic Principles of CPR • If alone, call before providing care to – Unconscious adult – Unconscious child at puberty – Unconscious infant or child with high risk for heart problem – Victim with sudden cardiac arrest Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Basic Principles of CPR • Shout for help and start CPR for – Unconscious

Basic Principles of CPR • Shout for help and start CPR for – Unconscious child or infant (age 1 year to puberty) – Victim of drowning or near drowning – Victim with cardiac arrest caused by drug overdose or trauma Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Basic Principles of CPR • If no help arrives, administer five cycles of CPR,

Basic Principles of CPR • If no help arrives, administer five cycles of CPR, then call for EMS • Return to providing care • Check carotid pulse in neck to determine whether cardiac compression is needed – If no pulse within 10 seconds, start compressions Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Basic Principles of CPR • Correct hand placement is needed before performing chest compressions

Basic Principles of CPR • Correct hand placement is needed before performing chest compressions – Refer to Figures 17 -6 A and 17 -6 B in Text • After 30 compressions, open airway using head-tilt/chin-lift method Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

CPR for Adults, Infants, and Children • One-person adult rescue for adult – 30

CPR for Adults, Infants, and Children • One-person adult rescue for adult – 30 compressions followed by 2 ventilations (30: 2 ratio) • Two-person adult rescue for adult – 30 compressions by one rescuer followed with 2 ventilations by the second rescuer (30: 2 ratio) Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

CPR for Adults, Infants, and Children • CPR for infants (birth to 1 year)

CPR for Adults, Infants, and Children • CPR for infants (birth to 1 year) – 30 compressions followed by 2 ventilations for one rescuer (30: 2 ratio) – 15 compressions followed by 2 ventilations for two rescuers (15: 2 ratio) Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

CPR for Adults, Infants, and Children • CPR for children (1 year to puberty)

CPR for Adults, Infants, and Children • CPR for children (1 year to puberty) – 30 compressions followed by 2 ventilations for one rescuer (30: 2 ratio) – 15 compressions followed by 2 ventilations for two rescuers (15: 2 ratio) Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Choking Victims • If conscious and coughing, talking or making noise – Airway is

Choking Victims • If conscious and coughing, talking or making noise – Airway is not completely obstructed – Encourage to cough hard Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Choking Victims • In conscious but not able to talk, make noise, or breathe

Choking Victims • In conscious but not able to talk, make noise, or breathe – Airway is completely obstructed – Administer abdominal thrusts Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Choking Victims • If unconscious with obstructed airway – Begin CPR – Start with

Choking Victims • If unconscious with obstructed airway – Begin CPR – Start with compressions – If object is visible try to remove it Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Choking Victims • If victim is an infant (birth to one year) – Give

Choking Victims • If victim is an infant (birth to one year) – Give 5 back blows – Give 5 chest thrusts – Check mouth – Remove visible obstruction Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Choking Victims • If victim is child aged 1 to 12 – Follow sequence

Choking Victims • If victim is child aged 1 to 12 – Follow sequence used for adult • If victim is pregnant or obese – Perform chest thrusts Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Choking Victims • Once CPR is started, continue unless – Victim recovers, starts to

Choking Victims • Once CPR is started, continue unless – Victim recovers, starts to breathe – Qualified help arrives – Physician orders you to discontinue Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Choking Victims • Once CPR is started, continue unless – Rescuer becomes physically exhausted

Choking Victims • Once CPR is started, continue unless – Rescuer becomes physically exhausted and cannot continue – Scene is unsafe – Legally valid DNR order is provided Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17: 3 Providing First Aid for Bleeding and Wounds • Wound is an injury

17: 3 Providing First Aid for Bleeding and Wounds • Wound is an injury to soft tissues • Open – Break in skin or mucous membranes • Closed – No break in skin or mucous membranes, but injury occurs to underlying tissues Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Types of Open Wounds • • • Abrasion Incision Laceration Puncture Avulsion Amputation Copyright

Types of Open Wounds • • • Abrasion Incision Laceration Puncture Avulsion Amputation Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Controlling Bleeding • First priority because victim can bleed to death quickly • Bleeding

Controlling Bleeding • First priority because victim can bleed to death quickly • Bleeding can come from arteries, veins, or capillaries • Observe standard precautions Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Controlling Bleeding • Four methods – Direct pressure – Elevation – Pressure bandages –

Controlling Bleeding • Four methods – Direct pressure – Elevation – Pressure bandages – Pressure on pressure points Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Controlling Bleeding • After severe bleeding is controlled, obtain medical help • Do not

Controlling Bleeding • After severe bleeding is controlled, obtain medical help • Do not disturb clots • Do not remove dressings • Do not attempt to clean wound Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Minor Wounds • • • First priority—prevention of infection Wash hands before caring for

Minor Wounds • • • First priority—prevention of infection Wash hands before caring for wound Put on gloves Wash wound with soap, water, sterile gauze Rinse wound with cool water Use sterile supplies Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Minor Wounds • Signs of infection – Swelling – Heat – Redness – Pain

Minor Wounds • Signs of infection – Swelling – Heat – Redness – Pain – Fever – Pus – Red streaks Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Minor Wounds • Tetanus bacteria can easily enter an open wound – Can cause

Minor Wounds • Tetanus bacteria can easily enter an open wound – Can cause serious illness or death – Most common in puncture wounds, wounds with damage to tissue underneath skin – Get tetanus shot or booster as needed Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Minor Wounds • Objects may remain in tissues or become embedded in wound –

Minor Wounds • Objects may remain in tissues or become embedded in wound – Splinters, pieces of glass, or small stones – If superficial, gently remove – Objects embedded in tissues should be left for removal by physician Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Closed Wounds • Can occur anywhere on body as result of injury • If

Closed Wounds • Can occur anywhere on body as result of injury • If bruise, use cold application to reduce swelling • Observe for signs of internal bleeding • Get medical help Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Closed Wounds • Symptoms of internal bleeding – Pain, tenderness, swelling, deformity, cold clammy

Closed Wounds • Symptoms of internal bleeding – Pain, tenderness, swelling, deformity, cold clammy skin, blood pressure drop, restlessness, excessive thirst, vomited blood, blood in urine or feces • Check breathing and treat for shock • Avoid unnecessary movement • No food or fluids to victim Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17: 4 Providing First Aid for Shock • Also called hypoperfusion • Shock –

17: 4 Providing First Aid for Shock • Also called hypoperfusion • Shock – Signs and symptoms of inadequate blood supply to body organs, especially brain and heart – Can lead to death • Refer to Table 17 -1 in Text Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Causes of Shock • • • Hemorrhage Excessive pain Infection Heart attack Stroke •

Causes of Shock • • • Hemorrhage Excessive pain Infection Heart attack Stroke • Chemical/drug/gas poisoning • Lack of oxygen • Psychological trauma • Dehydration Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Signs and Symptoms • • • Skin is pale or cyanotic Skin is cool

Signs and Symptoms • • • Skin is pale or cyanotic Skin is cool or cold to the touch Diaphoresis Rapid and weak pulse Respirations rapid, shallow, and may be irregular Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Signs and Symptoms • • • Blood pressure very low or unobtainable General weakness

Signs and Symptoms • • • Blood pressure very low or unobtainable General weakness Anxiety and extreme restlessness Excessive thirst, nausea, and/or vomiting Blurred vision or change in appearance of eyes or pupils Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Treatment for Shock • Shock is life-threatening – Reduce effects or eliminate cause of

Treatment for Shock • Shock is life-threatening – Reduce effects or eliminate cause of shock – Position victim based on injuries to improve circulation – Cover patient to avoid chilling/exposure – Provide adequate oxygen Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Treatment for Shock • Watch for signs of shock when providing first aid for

Treatment for Shock • Watch for signs of shock when providing first aid for any illness or injury • Obtain medical help as soon as possible if shock is suspected • Refer to Procedure 17: 4 in Text Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17: 5 Providing First Aid for Poisoning • Can happen to anyone, at any

17: 5 Providing First Aid for Poisoning • Can happen to anyone, at any age • Can be via ingestion, inhalation, injection, skin contact • Poison – Any substance that causes a harmful reaction to the outside or inside of the body Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17: 5 Providing First Aid for Poisoning • Immediate action is needed • Anaphylactic

17: 5 Providing First Aid for Poisoning • Immediate action is needed • Anaphylactic shock is a common reaction – Refer to Table 17 -1 in Text • First aid varies depending on type of poison, injury involved, and method of contact Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Ingestion Poisoning • First objective is to prevent absorption • Call poison control center

Ingestion Poisoning • First objective is to prevent absorption • Call poison control center (PCC) or emergency medical services (EMS) • Save label of substance taken • Calculate/estimate amount of substance taken and time consumed Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Ingestion Poisoning • If victim vomits, save sample • If PCC recommends vomiting, induce

Ingestion Poisoning • If victim vomits, save sample • If PCC recommends vomiting, induce vomiting • Activated charcoal may be recommended to bind to poison and halt absorption – Only give to victims who are conscious and can swallow Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Inhalation Poisoning • • • Remove victim from area before treatment If area is

Inhalation Poisoning • • • Remove victim from area before treatment If area is unsafe, do not enter Do not breathe when rescuing patient After rescue, check patient’s breathing Provide artificial respiration if needed Obtain medical help Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Contact Poisoning • For chemicals or poisons – Use large amounts of water to

Contact Poisoning • For chemicals or poisons – Use large amounts of water to flush skin – Remove contaminated clothing/jewelry – Call PCC or physician – Obtain medical help Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Contact Poisoning • For contact with poisonous plants – Wash area with soap and

Contact Poisoning • For contact with poisonous plants – Wash area with soap and water – Use Calamine/Caladryl if rash or weeping sores develop – If severe or affecting large body areas/face, obtain medical help Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Injection Poisoning • Occurs when insect, spider, or snake bites or stings an individual

Injection Poisoning • Occurs when insect, spider, or snake bites or stings an individual • If arm or leg affected, keep below heart level • Insect stings – Remove stinger, wash area, apply sterile dressing and cold pack Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Injection Poisoning • Embedded ticks – Remove with tweezers, wash area with soap and

Injection Poisoning • Embedded ticks – Remove with tweezers, wash area with soap and water, apply antiseptic, watch for infection, obtain medical help • Snake or spider bite – Wash wound, immobilize injured area (lower than heart), monitor breathing, obtain medical help Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Injection Poisoning • Watch for allergic reaction for any injection poisoning – Redness and

Injection Poisoning • Watch for allergic reaction for any injection poisoning – Redness and swelling at site, itching, hives, pain, swelling of throat, difficult/labored breathing, change in level of consciousness – Refer to Figure 7 -23 in Text Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17: 6 Providing First Aid for Burns • Injury caused by fire, heat, chemical

17: 6 Providing First Aid for Burns • Injury caused by fire, heat, chemical agents, radiation, and/or electricity • Classifications of burns – Superficial (first-degree) – Partial-thickness (second-degree) – Full-thickness (third-degree) Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Treatment • • • Remove source of heat Cool affected skin area Cover the

Treatment • • • Remove source of heat Cool affected skin area Cover the burn Relieve pain Observe for and treat shock Prevent infection Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Treatment • Usually not required for superficial and mild partial-thickness burns • Rule of

Treatment • Usually not required for superficial and mild partial-thickness burns • Rule of nines – Refer to Figure 17 -26 • How to treat superficial and mild partialthickness burns Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Treatment • How to treat severe partial- or full-thickness burns • How to treat

Treatment • How to treat severe partial- or full-thickness burns • How to treat chemical burns – If eyes are burned by chemicals or irritating gases, flush with large amounts of water for 15 to 30 minutes • Dehydration can result quickly with severe burns Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17: 7 Providing First Aid for Heat Exposure • Overexposure to heat may cause

17: 7 Providing First Aid for Heat Exposure • Overexposure to heat may cause a chemical imbalance in the body that can lead to death • Occurs when water and salt are lost through perspiration • Also occurs when body cannot eliminate excess heat Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17: 7 Providing First Aid for Heat Exposure • Heat cramps – Caused by

17: 7 Providing First Aid for Heat Exposure • Heat cramps – Caused by exposure to heat – Muscle pains and spasms from loss of water, salt – Firm pressure on cramped muscle to provide relief – Provide rest and move to cooler area – Small sips of water or electrolyte solution Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17: 7 Providing First Aid for Heat Exposure • Heat exhaustion – Occurs when

17: 7 Providing First Aid for Heat Exposure • Heat exhaustion – Occurs when exposed to heat with loss of fluids through sweating – Signs and symptoms – Can develop into heat stroke if not treated – First aid care Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17: 7 Providing First Aid for Heat Exposure • Heat stroke – Prolonged exposure

17: 7 Providing First Aid for Heat Exposure • Heat stroke – Prolonged exposure to higher than normal temperatures – Medical emergency requiring immediate care – Body unable to eliminate excess heat; internal body temperature rises to 105°F Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17: 7 Providing First Aid for Heat Exposure • Heat stroke – Normal body

17: 7 Providing First Aid for Heat Exposure • Heat stroke – Normal body defenses for temperature control no longer function – Signs and symptoms – First aid care geared toward quickly cooling the body Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17: 8 Providing First Aid for Cold Exposure • Exposure to cold temperatures can

17: 8 Providing First Aid for Cold Exposure • Exposure to cold temperatures can cause body tissues to freeze, body processes to slow down • Needs immediate attention, as death may result • Degree of injury affected by wind velocity, humidity, length of exposure to cold Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17: 8 Providing First Aid for Cold Exposure • Hypothermia – When body temperature

17: 8 Providing First Aid for Cold Exposure • Hypothermia – When body temperature is less than 95°F (35°C) – Caused by prolonged exposure to cold – Signs and symptoms – Death possible if body processes are too slowed down – First aid care includes slow warming Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17: 8 Providing First Aid for Cold Exposure • Frostbite – Freezing of tissue

17: 8 Providing First Aid for Cold Exposure • Frostbite – Freezing of tissue fluids with damage to skin and underlying tissues – Caused by exposure to freezing or below-freezing temperatures – Early signs and symptoms are redness and tingling – Other signs and symptoms as frostbite progresses Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17: 8 Providing First Aid for Cold Exposure • Frostbite – Objectives of first

17: 8 Providing First Aid for Cold Exposure • Frostbite – Objectives of first aid – Common sites: fingers, toes, ears, nose, cheeks – First aid care: avoid further injury – Assess for signs and symptoms of shock and treat as needed Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17: 9 Providing First Aid for Bone and Joint Injuries • Frequently occur during

17: 9 Providing First Aid for Bone and Joint Injuries • Frequently occur during accidents or falls with variety of injuries – Fractures, dislocations, sprains, and strains • May have more than one type of injury to bones and joints at the same time Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Fractures • • • Break in the bone Closed or simple fracture Compound or

Fractures • • • Break in the bone Closed or simple fracture Compound or open fracture Signs and symptoms vary Objectives of first aid Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Dislocations • End of bone is displaced from a joint or moved out of

Dislocations • End of bone is displaced from a joint or moved out of its normal position within a joint • Often, tearing or stretching of ligaments, muscles, and other soft tissues also occurs • Signs and symptoms • First aid care similar to care for fractures Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Sprains Injury to tissues surrounding a joint Common sites: ankles and wrists Signs and

Sprains Injury to tissues surrounding a joint Common sites: ankles and wrists Signs and symptoms Sprains often resemble fractures or dislocations—treat as fracture if in doubt • First aid care • • Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Strains • • • Overstretching of a muscle Caused by overexertion or lifting Frequent

Strains • • • Overstretching of a muscle Caused by overexertion or lifting Frequent site: back Signs and symptoms First aid treatment Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Splints • Devices to immobilize injured parts • Types of splints – Inflatable or

Splints • Devices to immobilize injured parts • Types of splints – Inflatable or air splints – Padded boards – Traction splints • Can be made from cardboard, newspapers, pillows, boards, etc. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Splints • Must be long enough to immobilize joint above and below injured area

Splints • Must be long enough to immobilize joint above and below injured area to prevent movement • Should be padded • Tie in place • Apply without pressure on affected area Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Splints • If open wound is present, control bleeding before applying splint • Never

Splints • If open wound is present, control bleeding before applying splint • Never attempt to reposition bone • Observe precautions when using pneumatic splint • Traction splints Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Splints • After splint application – Verify that splint is not too tight –

Splints • After splint application – Verify that splint is not too tight – Check skin temperature – Check skin color – Note swelling or edema Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Splints • After splint application – Note numbness or tingling – Check pulse •

Splints • After splint application – Note numbness or tingling – Check pulse • If circulation is impaired, immediately loosen the ties Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Slings • • • Commercial slings Triangular bandages used in first aid Used to

Slings • • • Commercial slings Triangular bandages used in first aid Used to support arm, hand, forearm, shoulder Positioning of sling Check circulation Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Slings • Limit movement of limb • If using triangular bandage with knot at

Slings • Limit movement of limb • If using triangular bandage with knot at neck – Check knot placement – Use gauze padding under knot • Considerations for shoulder injury Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Neck and Spine Injuries • Most dangerous types of injuries involving bones and joints

Neck and Spine Injuries • Most dangerous types of injuries involving bones and joints • Avoid moving the patient, which can result in permanent injury or paralysis • Wait for backboard and adequate help to arrive for transfer Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17: 10 Providing First Aid for Specific Injuries • Injuries to specific body parts

17: 10 Providing First Aid for Specific Injuries • Injuries to specific body parts require special care • Examples of specific body parts – Eyes, ears, nose, brain, chest, abdomen, and genital organs Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Eye Injuries • • • Always involves danger of vision loss Best to avoid

Eye Injuries • • • Always involves danger of vision loss Best to avoid giving major treatment Obtaining help of a specialist is priority Foreign objects in the eye Blows to the eye Penetrating injuries that cut eye tissue Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Ear Injuries • Can result in rupture or perforation of eardrum • Torn or

Ear Injuries • Can result in rupture or perforation of eardrum • Torn or detached tissue • Ruptured or perforated eardrum • Clear fluid or blood-tinged fluid draining from ear Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Head or Skull Injuries • Wounds and blows to head and skull can cause

Head or Skull Injuries • Wounds and blows to head and skull can cause brain injury • Seek medical help quickly as possible • Signs and symptoms • First aid care • Watch for signs of respiratory distress Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Nose Injuries • Nosebleeds (epistaxis) are usually more frightening than serious • Causes of

Nose Injuries • Nosebleeds (epistaxis) are usually more frightening than serious • Causes of nosebleeds • First aid care • Wear gloves or use a protective barrier Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Chest Injuries • Usually medical emergencies – May involve heart, lungs, and major vessels

Chest Injuries • Usually medical emergencies – May involve heart, lungs, and major vessels • Sucking chest wound • Penetrating injuries to chest • Crushing chest injuries Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Abdominal Injuries • Can cause damage to internal organs and bleeding in major blood

Abdominal Injuries • Can cause damage to internal organs and bleeding in major blood vessels • Intestines and other abdominal organs may protrude from open wound • Medical emergency Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Abdominal Injuries • Bleeding, shock, and damage to organs can be fatal • Signs

Abdominal Injuries • Bleeding, shock, and damage to organs can be fatal • Signs and symptoms • Position victim flat on back • First aid care Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Injuries to Genital Organs • • • Result from falls, blows, or explosions Zippers

Injuries to Genital Organs • • • Result from falls, blows, or explosions Zippers catching on genitals, other accidents Can cause severe pain, bleeding, and shock Wear gloves or use protective barrier First aid care Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17: 11 Providing First Aid for Sudden Illness • Can be difficult to determine

17: 11 Providing First Aid for Sudden Illness • Can be difficult to determine exact illness being experienced • Base care on signs and symptoms • Obtain information from victim if possible • Look for medical alert bracelets or necklaces or medical cards Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Heart Attack • Also called coronary thrombosis, coronary occlusion, or myocardial infarction • May

Heart Attack • Also called coronary thrombosis, coronary occlusion, or myocardial infarction • May occur when one or more coronary arteries is blocked • If heart attack is severe, victim may die Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Heart Attack • If heart stops, start CPR • Signs and symptoms vary based

Heart Attack • If heart stops, start CPR • Signs and symptoms vary based on damage • Signs and symptoms are often more subtle in women • First aid care Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Cerebrovascular Accident or Stroke • A stroke is also called a cerebrovascular accident (CVA),

Cerebrovascular Accident or Stroke • A stroke is also called a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), apoplexy, or cerebral thrombosis • Caused by clot in a cerebral artery or hemorrhage in blood vessel in brain Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Cerebrovascular Accident or Stroke • Signs and symptoms: FAST – F = face –

Cerebrovascular Accident or Stroke • Signs and symptoms: FAST – F = face – A = arms – S = speech – T = time • First aid care Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Fainting • • Temporary reduction in supply of blood to brain Early signs and

Fainting • • Temporary reduction in supply of blood to brain Early signs and treatment If victim loses consciousness, try to prevent injury Obtain medical help if recovery is not prompt, there are other injuries, or fainting reoccurs Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Convulsion • Type of seizure – Strong involuntary contraction of muscles • Causes •

Convulsion • Type of seizure – Strong involuntary contraction of muscles • Causes • Progression of a convulsion • First aid care is directed at preventing selfinjury Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diabetic Reactions • Diabetes mellitus – Metabolic disorder caused by lack of or insufficient

Diabetic Reactions • Diabetes mellitus – Metabolic disorder caused by lack of or insufficient production of insulin • Diabetic coma (hyperglycemia) • Insulin shock (hypoglycemia) Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diabetic Reactions • Differentiate between diabetic coma and insulin shock and treat accordingly •

Diabetic Reactions • Differentiate between diabetic coma and insulin shock and treat accordingly • Refer to Figure 17 -42 in Text Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17: 12 Applying Dressings and Bandages • Dressing – Sterile covering used to control

17: 12 Applying Dressings and Bandages • Dressing – Sterile covering used to control bleeding – Materials used in dressings – Dressings can be held in place with tape or a bandage Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17: 12 Applying Dressings and Bandages • Bandages – Used to hold dressings in

17: 12 Applying Dressings and Bandages • Bandages – Used to hold dressings in place, to secure splints, to support and protect body parts – Apply snugly to control bleeding/prevent dressing movement; do not interfere with circulation – Types include roller gauze, triangular, elastic Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17: 12 Applying Dressings and Bandages • Method used to wrap bandage depends on

17: 12 Applying Dressings and Bandages • Method used to wrap bandage depends on body part (refer to Procedure 17: 12 in Text) – Spiral – Figure-eight for joints – Recurrent or finger wrap Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17: 12 Applying Dressings and Bandages • Signs of poor or impaired circulation –

17: 12 Applying Dressings and Bandages • Signs of poor or impaired circulation – Swelling or edema – Pale or cyanotic color – Coldness to touch – Numbness or tingling • Check nail bed circulation for bandages on hand, arm, leg, or foot Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.