Chapter 5 The Cardiovascular System 2009 Delmar Cengage

Chapter 5 The Cardiovascular System © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Major Structures Related Elements Primary Function Heart Card/o Cardi/o Pumps blood into arteries. Blood Vessels Angi/o Vas/o Transports blood to and from all areas of the body. Arteries Arteri/o Transport blood away from heart to all body parts. Capillaries Capill/o Permit the exchange of nutrients and waste products between blood and cells. Veins Phleb/o Ven/o Return blood from all body parts to heart. Blood Hem/o Hemat/o Brings O 2 and nutrients to cells and carries away waste. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Word Elements/Parts Angi/o - Blood or lymph vessel Aort/o - aorta Arteri/o - artery © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Ather/o - Plaque or fatty substance Brady - slow Cardi/o - heart Crasia - A mixture or blending © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Emia - blood Erythr/o - red Hem/o hemat/o - blood Leuk/o - white

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Phleb/o - vein Tachy - Fast or rapid Thromb/o - clot Ven/o - vein

The Heart • • Hollow, muscular organ Located between lungs Double Pump The pointed lower end is known as APEX © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

The Pericardium • AKA: pericardial sac • Double walled membrane sac encloses the heart • Parts of pericardium – Parietal pericardium • Tough outer layer, protect heart – Visceral Pericardium • Inner layer of pericardium, outer layer of heart • AKA: epicardium – Pericardial Fluid • Between these two layers • Prevents friction when heart beats © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Wall of the Heart • Epicardium – External layer of heart • Myocardium – – Middle layer of heart Thickest layer Muscle tissue Beats constantly • Endocardium – Inner lining of heart – Comes into direct contact with blood being pumped through heart © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Coronary Artery • Supply oxygen-rich blood to myocardium © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Chambers of the Heart • Heart is divided into left & right sides • Subdivided into chambers • Septum divides chambers into right & left – Atria • Two upper chambers • Receiving chambers coming into heart – Ventricles • Two lower chambers • Pumping chambers © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Valves of the Heart (prevent backflow) • Tricuspid – Between right atrium & right ventricle • Pulmonary semilunar (means half-moon) – Between right ventricle & pulmonary artery • Mitral or Bicuspid – Between left atrium & left ventricle • Aortic semilunar (means half-moon) – Between left ventricle & aorta © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Blood Flow Through the Heart • Right Atrium TRICUSPID VALVE Right Ventricle • Right ventricle PULMONARY VALVE Pulmonary Artery • Pulmonary Artery LUNGS Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium • Left Atrium MITRAL VALVE (bicuspid) Left Ventricle • Left Ventricle AORTIC VALVE Aorta BODY Vena Cava © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Video Time https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=5 t. UWOF 6 w. Enk © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Systemic & Pulmonary Circulation • Pulmonary – Heart Lungs Heart • Systemic – Heart Cells/Tissue/Body Heart – (no lungs) © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

The Heartbeat • To pump blood through body, heart contracts and relaxes • Rate and regularity determined by electrical impulses • AKA: conduction system – Sinoatrial Node (SA node) • RA, pacemaker, rhythm & rate – Atrioventricular Node (AV node) • Floor of RA – Bundle of His • In septum – Purkinje Fibers • Walls of ventricles, stimulate contraction © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Electrical Waves The waves of contraction and relaxation of heart can be seen with an electrocardiogram (EKG) • P waves – Stimulation of atria (contraction) • QRS waves – Stimulation of ventricles (contraction) • T waves – Recovery of ventricle (relaxation) © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Video Time https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=te_SY 3 Me. Wys © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Arteries • Large blood vessels • Aorta – Largest blood vessel • Carotid Artery – – Carry blood to head Located on side of neck Brings O 2 to brain & blood to face If disrupted, causes stroke or brain damage • Arterioles – Smaller, carry blood to capillaries © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Veins • Walls are thin • Less elastic than arteries • Venules – Smallest vein that join to form lg veins • Superficial Veins – Near body surface • Deep Veins – Within tissue away from body • Vena Cava – Largest vein in body © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Capillaries • Smallest blood vessels in body • Deliver o 2 and nutrients to cells and tissues • Slow the flow of blood – To allow plasma to flow – Exchange o 2, nutrients & waste © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Pulse & Blood Pressure • Pulse – Rhythmic pressure against wall of artery – AKA: pulse rate • Blood Pressure – Measurement of systolic & diastolic pressure against wall of artery • Systolic – Ventricles contract, top number, pressure is highest • Diastolic – Ventricles are relaxed, bottom number, pressure is lowest © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Checking a Blood Pressure © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Blood • Fluid tissue of the body • Composed of 55% liquid plasma – Straw colored fluid, nutrients, hormones, waste • Composed of 45% formed elements – Erythrocytes • RBC, o 2 tissues, hemoglobin (iron containing) – Leukocytes • WBC, fight infection – Thrombocytes • Platelets, clot blood © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Blood Types © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Medical Specialist related to Cardiovascular • Cardiologist – Dx & tx abnormalities, dz, dis of heart • Hematologist – Dx & tx abnormalities , dz, dis of blood • Vascular surgeon – Dx, medical management and surgical tx of dis of blood vessels © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Congenital Heart Defect • Structure abnormalities at birth or before birth © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Coronary Artery Disease • Ischemic Heart Disease – Lack of blood and o 2 to heart • Angina – Chest pain • Myocardial Infarction – Heart attack • Occlusion – Total blockage • Atherosclerosis – Decreased blood flow to heart – Buildup of plaque in arteries © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

S/S of Heart Attack • Pain in middle of chest • Pain may spread to – Back – Jaw – Left arm © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Heart Failure • Congestive Heart Failure – Common in elderly – Unable to pump all blood – Fluid build up • Left-sided heart failure – Pulmonary edema, causes fluid in lungs, not pumping blood to & from heart • Right-sided heart failure – Fluid in feet and legs, not pumping to & from body properly • Cardiomegaly © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Carditis • Endocarditis – Inflammation inner lining of heart • Bacterial endocarditis – Inflammation of lining or valves – Caused by bacteria in bloodstream – Bleeding during dental surg, allow bacteria from mouth to enter bloodstream • Myocarditis – Inf of myocardium, dev as complication of viral infection • Pericarditis – Inf of pericardium, decreases heart beats and pumping © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Heart Valves • Heart murmur – Defective heart valve • Valvulitis – Inflammation of heart valve • Volvular prolapse – Inability of valve to close properly • Volvular stenosis – Narrowing, stiffening, thickening, blockage of valve © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Cardiac Arrest & Arrhythmias • Cardiac arrest – Heart stops, death if not tx within a few minutes • Arrhythmia (loss of normal rhythm) – Bradycardia • Slow heart rate less than 60 – Tachycardia • Fast heart rate more than 100 – Palpitation • Pounding or racing of heart, panic attack, irregular © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Atrial & Ventricular Fibrillation • Atrial Fibrillation – Irregular twitching of muscle wall • Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (par-ock-SIZ-mal) – Begins & ends abruptly – Rapid & regular heartbeats • Ventricular Fibrillation – Sudden cardiac death, instead of pumping blood it quivers • Ventricular tachycardia – Rapid HR in the ventricles, can be fatal, heart is beating rapid and unable to pump blood © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Blood Vessels • Angitis – Vasculitis, inf of bl or lymph vessel • Angiostenosis – Narrowing of bl vessel • Hemangioma – Benign tumor, newly formed bl vessels • Hypoperfusion – Deficiency of bl passing through organ or body • Poly arteritis – Bl vessel dz, immune cells attack affected arteries © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Peripheral Vascular Disease • PVD – Dis of bl vessels outside heart and brain – Narrowing of vessels that carry bl to legs, arms, stomach, kidneys • Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease – Common, serious problem, affects more than 20% of pts over 70 y/o – Impaired circulation to ext. and vital organs – Change in skin color & temp • Raynaud’s Phenomenon – Triggered by cold or stress, constricted circulation, pallor, cyanosis, and then redness of fingers and toes © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Arteries • Aneurysm – Localized weak spot of artery – Balloon shaped – If rupture, fatal, rapid loss of bl • Arteriosclerosis – Hardening of arteries © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Veins • Chronic Venous Insufficiency – Affects feet and ankles, and discoloration to skin • Phlebitis – Inf of vein • Varicose veins – Swollen veins © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Thrombosis • Thrombosis – Abnormal condition of a clot • Thrombus – Bl cot attached to wall of artery or vein • Thrombotic occlusion – Blocking of artery by clot • Coronary thrombosis – Damage to heart muscle due to thrombus blocking coronary artery • Deep vein thrombosis – Clot attached to wall of deep vein – Legs – Bedridden, sitting to long – Clot may break loose and travel to lung, fatal © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Embolism • Embolism – Sudden blockage of bl vessel, sometimes air or fat • Embolus – Foreign object, like bl clot, air, tissue or tumor in the bloodstream © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Blood Disorders • Blood dyscrasia – Dys means bad, crasia means mixture • Hemochromatosis – a hereditary disorder in which iron salts are deposited in the tissues, leading to liver damage, diabetes mellitus, and bronze discoloration of the skin • Leukopenia – a reduction in the number of white cells in the blood • Polycythemia – Increase of RBC, production from bone marrow © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Blood disorders Cont’ • Septicemia – Blood poisoning, toxins in blood • Thrombocytopenia – Abnormal bleeding, deceased clotting cells/platetes • Thrombocytosis – Too many clotting of bl, too many platelets • Hemorrhage – Loss of lg amount of bl in short time • Transfusion reaction – Serious, fatal, complication of bl transfusion, bl type don’t match © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Cholesterol • Cholesterol – Cholesterol is a waxy substance that's found in the fats (lipids) in your blood. While your body needs cholesterol to continue building healthy cells, having high cholesterol can increase your risk of heart disease. – When you have high cholesterol, you may develop fatty deposits in your blood vessels. – Eventually, these deposits make it difficult for enough blood to flow through your arteries. Your heart may not get as much oxygen-rich blood as it needs, which increases the risk of a heart attack. – Decreased blood flow to your brain cause a stroke. • Hyperlipidemia – High cholesterol © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Leukemia • Myelodysplastic syndrome – a group of cancers in which immature blood cells in the bone marrow do not mature or become healthy blood cells. • Leukemia – a malignant progressive disease in which the bone marrow and other blood-forming organs produce increased numbers of immature or abnormal leukocytes. – These suppress the production of normal blood cells, leading to anemia and other symptoms. – A type of cancer © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Anemia • Anemia – a condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells or of hemoglobin in the blood, resulting in pallor and weariness. • Aplastic anemia – deficiency of all types of blood cells caused by failure of bone marrow development. • Hemolytic anemia – condition in which red blood cells are destroyed by the spleen and removed from the bloodstream before their normal lifespan is over. – Red blood cells are disc-shaped and look like doughnuts without holes in the center. – These cells carry oxygen to your body © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Anemia • Iron deficiency anemia – a common type of anemia – a condition in which blood lacks adequate healthy red blood cells. – iron deficiency anemia is due to insufficient iron • Megaloblastic anemia – a blood disorder in which the number of red blood cells is larger than normal – Lack of folic acid or B 12 • Pernicious anemia – a deficiency in the production of red blood cells through a lack of vitamin B 12. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Anemia • Sickle cell anemia – a severe hereditary form of anemia in which a mutated form of hemoglobin distorts the red blood cells into a crescent shape at low oxygen levels. – It is most common among those of African descent. • Thalassemia – any of a group of hereditary hemolytic diseases caused by faulty hemoglobin synthesis, widespread in Mediterranean, African, and Asian countries. – Need blood tranfusions © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Student Workbook Learning Exercises Answer Key © 2009 Delmar, © 2009 Cengage Delmar, Learning Cengage Learning

Chapter 5 Answers Matching Word Parts 1 5. 1. aort/o 5. 2. arteri/o 5. 3. ather/o 5. 4. angi/o 5. 5. brady- © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Matching Word Parts 2 5. 6. -emia 5. 7. cardi/o 5. 8. -crasia 5. 9. erythr/o 5. 10. ven/o

Chapter 5 Answers Matching Word Parts 3 5. 11. leuk/o 5. 12. phleb/o 5. 13. tachy 5. 14. thromb/o 5. 15. hem/o © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Definitions 5. 16. leukocytes 5. 17. sinoatrial node 5. 18. coronary arteries 5. 19. eosinophils 5. 20. mitral

Chapter 5 Answers Definitions 5. 21. right ventricle 5. 22. thrombocytes 5. 23. embolus 5. 24. left ventricle 5. 25. neutrophils © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Matching Structures 5. 26. heart 5. 27. myocardium 5. 28. epicardium 5. 29. endocardium 5. 30. pericardium

Chapter 5 Answers Which Word? 5. 31. lipoprotein cholesterol 5. 32. bradycardia 5. 33. ventricular 5. 34. systolic 5. 35. duplex ultrasound © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Spelling Counts 5. 36. aneurysm 5. 37. hypoperfusion 5. 38. arrhythmia 5. 39. Raynaud’s 5. 40. cardioverter

Chapter 5 Answers Abbreviation Identification 5. 41. coronary artery disease 5. 42. electrocardiogram 5. 43. hemoglobin 5. 44. myocardial infarction 5. 45. ventricular fibrillation © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Term Selection 5. 46. septicemia 5. 47. beta-blocker 5. 48. megaloblastic 5. 49. antihypertensive 5. 50. endocarditis

Chapter 5 Answers Sentence Completion 5. 51. serum 5. 52. thrombocytopenia 5. 53. carotid endarterectomy 5. 54. valvular prolapse 5. 55. nitroglycerin © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Word Surgery 5. 56. aneurysm/o, -rrhaphy 5. 57. a-, plast -ic 5. 58. electr/o cardi/o, -graphy 5. 59. poly-, arter, -itis 5. 60. valv/o, -plasty

Chapter 5 Answers True/False 5. 61. False 5. 62. True 5. 63. True 5. 64. False 5. 65. True Clinical Conditions 5. 66. hemangioma 5. 67. thrombosis 5. 68. varicose 5. 69. angina 5. 70. orthostatic hypotension © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Chapter 5 Answers Clinical Conditions 5. 71. myelodysplastic syndrome 5. 72. electrocardiogram 5. 73. cardiopulmonary resuscitation 5. 74. thrombolytic 5. 75. ischemic © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Which Is the Correct Medical Term? 5. 76. atheroma 5. 77. hemostasis 5. 78. phlebitis 5. 79. dyscrasia 5. 80. aneurysmectomy

Chapter 5 Answers Challenge Word Building 5. 81. arteritis 5. 82. angiectomy 5. 83. phlebostenosis 5. 84. pericardiectomy 5. 85. cardiorrhaphy © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning 5. 86. phleborrhexis 5. 87. angiorrhaphy 5. 88. cardiorrhexis 5. 89. pericardiorrhaphy 5. 90. angionecrosis

Chapter 5 Answers Labeling Exercises 5. 91. vena cava 5. 92. atrium 5. 93. ventricle 5. 94. artery 5. 95. veins © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning 5. 96. semilunar 5. 97. tricuspid 5. 98. aorta 5. 99. aortic 5. 100. mitral