Chapter 11 Cardiovascular System Lesson 11 1 Cardiovascular
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Chapter 11 Cardiovascular System Lesson 11. 1 Cardiovascular System Veins tricuspid valve mitral valve Diastole Murmur Pacemaker Bundle of His sphygmomanometer Arteries Capillaries pulmonary valve aortic valve Systole sinoatrial node (SA node) Atrioventricular node (AV node) Blood pressure Journal question: How is pulmonary circulation different from systemic circulation? Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1
Chapter Goals Name the parts of the heart and associated blood vessels and their functions in the circulation of blood. Trace the pathway of blood through the heart. Identify and describe major pathologic conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels. Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2
Chapter Goals (cont’d) Define combining forms that relate to the cardiovascular system. Describe important laboratory tests and clinical procedures pertaining to the cardiovascular system, and recognize relevant abbreviations. Apply your new knowledge to understand medical terms in their proper context, such as in medical reports and records. Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3
Introduction Cardiovascular System: delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells of body tissue Heart (muscular pump) Ø Blood vessels (fuel line and transportation network) Ø Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4
Blood Vessels and the Circulation of Blood Arteries are the vessels that lead away from the heart. Veins are thinner walled vessels compared to arteries. They move deoxygenated blood toward the heart from the tissues. Capillaries are the smallest vessels. They form the point of exchange for oxygen and nutrients into body cells and waste products coming from body cells. Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5
Blood Vessels Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6
Blood Circulation / Systemic Circulation Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7
Major Vessels Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8
Anatomy of the Heart Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9
Major Valves of the Heart tricuspid valve (cusps are flaps of the valves): between right atrium and right ventricle pulmonary valve: between right ventricle and pulmonary artery mitral valve: between left atrium and the left ventricle aortic valve: between left atrium and aorta Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10
Pathway of Blood through the Heart Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11
Heartbeat and Heart Sounds Two phases of the heartbeat: diastole: relaxation systole: contraction The diastole-systole cardiac cycle occurs between 70 to 80 times per minute (100, 000 times per day). Ø The heart pumps 3 ounces of blood with each contraction. This means that about 5 quarts are pumped per minute (75 gallons an hour and about 2000 gallons a day). Ø Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12
Heart Sounds Closure of valves associated with sounds “lubb-dubb, lubb-dubb” lubb: closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves at the beginning of systole dubb: closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of systole murmur: abnormal heart sound caused by improper valve closure Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13
Phases of the Heartbeat Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14
Conduction System of the Heart n sinoatrial node (SA node): pacemaker of the heart pacemaker: origin of electrical impulse causing walls of the atria to contract and force blood into the ventricles (ending diastole) Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15
Conduction System of the Heart (cont’d) Atrioventricular node (AV node): This sends the excitation wave to a bundle of specialized fibers called atrioventricular bundle or Bundle of His (pronounced “hiss”): Helps form conduction myofibers that extend to ventricle walls and stimulate them to contract, beginning systole. A short rest period follows. The pacemaker begins wave of excitation again. ECG or EKG (electrocardiogram): The record used to detect electrical changes in heart muscle as the heart beats. Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16
Conduction System of the Heart (cont’d) Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17
Electrocardiogram P wave = spread of excitation wave over the atria just before contraction; QRS wave = spread of excitation wave over the ventricles as the ventricles contract; T wave = electrical recovery and relaxation of ventricles. A heart attack (myocardial infarction or MI) can be recognized by an elevation in the S-T segment of the ECG. Thus, one type of MI is an S-T elevation MI or STEMI. Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18
Electrocardiogram (cont’d) Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19
Electrocardiogram (cont’d) Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 20
Blood Pressure Blood pressure: The force that blood exerts on arterial walls. Measured using sphygmomanometer Expressed as a fraction: systolic pressure/ diastolic pressure Ø example: 120/80 mm Hg Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21
Combining Forms and Terminology Combining Form. Meaning angi/o aort/o arteri/o ather/o atri/o vessel aorta artery yellowish plaque atrium Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22
Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d) Combining Form. Meaning brachi/o cardi/o cholesterol/o coron/o cyan/o myx/o arm heart cholesterol heart blue mucus Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23
Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d) Combining Form. Meaning ox/o pericardi/o phleb/o sphygm/o steth/o thromb/o oxygen pericardium vein pulse chest clot Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 24
Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d) Combining Form. Meaning valvul/o valv/o vascul/o ven/o, ven/i ventricul/o valve vessel vein ventricle Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 25
QUICK QUIZ: 1. The double-layered membrane surrounding the heart is the ______. pericardium B. arteriole C. endocardium D. endothelium A. Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 26
QUICK QUIZ: 1. The double-layered membrane surrounding the heart is the ______. pericardium B. arteriole C. endocardium D. endothelium A. Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 27
QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d) 2. The contraction phase of the heartbeat is called _____. diastole B. vena cava C. systole D. septum A. Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 28
QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d) 2. The contraction phase of the heartbeat is called _____. diastole B. vena cava C. systole D. septum A. Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 29
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