INJURY PREVENTION SAFETY AND BASIC FIRST AID The

INJURY PREVENTION, SAFETY, AND BASIC FIRST AID

The First Aid Kit Your Basic First Aid Kit should include: • • • • Disposable Gloves Bandages (assorted sizes) Antibiotic Ointment Antiseptic Wipes Triangular Bandage Adhesive Tape Scissors Tweezers Gauze Pads and Roller Gauze (assorted sizes) Roller Bandages (assorted sizes) Cold Packs Breathing Barrier Rescue Blanket

Universal Precautions are steps taken to prevent the spread of disease by treating all human blood and other body fluids as if they contain HIV, HBV, or any other pathogens. Ce 1. Always wear disposable latex gloves, and know how to remove them properly. 2. Use a face mask with a one-way valve when performing rescue breathing. 3. Avoid touching objects that have had contact with the person’s blood. 4. Wash your hands with antiseptic hand cleanser immediately after giving first aid. 5. Do not touch your mouth, eyes, or nose while giving first aid, or after giving first aid until you have washed your hands.

How to make an Emergency Phone Call When calling 9 -1 -1, remember the following: 1. Remain calm 2. Describe the exact location of the emergency. If you do not know the address, naming the closest intersection or landmark is helpful. 3. Give your name, what happened, the number of people involved, the injuries of those people involved, and the help that has already been given (if any). 4. Give them the phone number of the phone you are using. 5. Listen carefully to all directions on how to care for the victim(s). 6. Do not hang up the phone until you are told to do so. 7. Stay with the victim(s) until help arrives, or continue to provide care if told to do so.

Gaining Consent Actual Consent Oral or written permission to give first aid from a mentally competent adult. Tell the victim who you are, what you plan to do, and the first aid training that you have had. A parent or legal guardian must give consent for a child. Implied Consent The permission to give first aid to an adult victim who is unconscious, or to an infant or child when no adult or guardian is present to grant actual consent. Good Samaritan Law: protects people who give first aid in good faith and without gross negligence or misconduct.

Heart Attack and Cardiac Arrest A heart attack is the death of part of the heart muscle caused by a lack of blood flow to the heart. Cardiac Arrest is the death of the heart muscle. Warning Signs • • • Persistent pressure or pain in the center of the chest Pain that spreads to the shoulder, arm, neck, jaw, or back Dizziness Sweating Fainting Difficulty breathing Shortness of breath Moist face Irregular pulse

Stroke A stroke is a condition caused by a blocked or broken blood vessel in the brain. Blood is then unable to get to all parts of the brain and some tissue dies. Warning Signs • • • Breathing rate may be slower than normal Pupils may be unequal in size Slurred speech Blurred vision or loss of vision Paralysis on one side of the body Sever headache

Shock can occur due to a serious injury or illness. It is a dangerous reduction of blood flow to body tissue. Organs fail to function properly when they do not receive oxygen. This can lead to collapse, coma, or even death if not treated quickly. Warning Signs • • • Rapid, shallow breathing Cold, clammy skin Rapid, weak pulse Dizziness Weakness Fainting Treatment • • • Have victim lie down Elevate feet 12 inches above the heart Perform CPR is necessary Control external bleeding (if necessary) Cover victim with blanket if he/she is cold DO NOT give them anything to eat or drink

Seizures A Seizure is a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain. It affects how a person appears or acts for a short period of time. There are six types of generalized seizures. Grand-Mal (Tonic-Clonic) • Unconsciousness • Convulsions • Muscle Rigidity Absence • Brief loss of consciousness • May stare blankly Myoclonic • Sporadic, isolated jerking movements Clonic • Repetitive jerking movements that occur on both sides of the body Tonic • Muscle stiffness/rigidity Atonic • A general loss of muscle tone which usually results in a fall

Seizures How to help a person who is having a seizure: • • Protect the person from injury Gently guide him/her down to the floor Move furniture and other objects that may injure the person Turn person onto their side if you are able to do so DO NOT place anything into the person’s mouth DO NOT try to hold the person down Try to time the length of the seizure When to seek emergency help: • • It is the first time the person has had a seizure The person stops breathing for more than 30 seconds The seizure lasts longer than 3 minutes The person having the seizure is pregnant

Types of Wounds Bruise: damage to soft tissue and blood vessels which causes bleeding under the skin Incision: a cut caused by a sharp-edged object, such as a knife, razor, scissors, or broken glass Laceration: a cut that causes a jagged or irregular tearing of the skin Abrasion: a wound caused by rubbing or the scraping away of the skin Avulsion: a wound in which the skin or other body tissue is separated or completely torn away Puncture: a wound produced when a pointed object pierces the skin

How to Control Bleeding 1. Cover the wound with a clean cloth or dressing and apply direct pressure with your hand. 2. If blood soaks through, do not remove first piece of cloth; add more. 3. Do not remove any foreign object(s) that are lodged deep in the wound. 4. Elevate the wounded body part above the level of the heart.

How to Prevent Infection 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Wash minor wounds with water. Wash around the wound with soap and water. Apply antibiotic ointment. Cover the wound with a bandage. Switch the bandage at least once a day. Watch for signs of infection which include: - Swelling - Redness - Warm skin around the wound - A throbbing pain - Discharge from the wound (pus) 7. If the wound shows signs of infection, seek medical attention.

First Aid for Burns First-Degree Burns • • Affect only the outer layer of skin (for example, sun burn) Skin becomes red and dry, and area may swell Painful to touch Usually heals within a week How to treat a first-degree burn • Cool the burned area with cold water as soon as possible (for at least five minutes). • Apply antibiotic ointment to the area, and cover loosely with a bandage.

First Aid for Burns Second-Degree Burns • • • Affect the outer and part of the inner layer of skin Blisters may develop Burn will look pink or red, and appear to be wet The burned area will be painful Usually heals within two to four weeks How to treat a second-degree burn • Cool the burned area with cold water as soon as possible (for at least five minutes). • Apply antibiotic ointment to the area, and cover loosely with a bandage. • If the burn covers a large part of the body, treat for shock, and seek medical attention.

First Aid for Burns Third-Degree Burns • Affect all layers of skin and some underlying tissue (possibly fat and muscle tissue, bones, and nerves) • Skin appears charred, and underlying tissue may appear white • If nerve endings are destroyed the burn will not be painful; otherwise, it can be very painful • Can take months or years to heal; sometimes skin grafting or plastic surgery is required How to treat a third-degree burn • Treat the victim for shock • If victim is not breathing give rescue breaths • Cover the burned area with a sterile bandage, clean cloth or sheet • Seek medical attention as soon as possible

First Aid for Injuries to Muscles, Bones, and Joints Fracture: a break or crack in a bone (it can be open in which there is a break in the skin, or closed in which there is no break in the skin) Signs of a Fracture include: • • Pain Swelling Loss of movement Deformity When treating, keep the injured area from moving (use a splint if appropriate), apply ice to the break, and seek medical attention as soon as possible.

First Aid for Injuries to Muscles, Bones, and Joints Dislocation: the movement of a bone from its joint Signs of a Dislocation include: • • Pain Swelling upon movement Loss of movement Deformity When treating, splint above and below the dislocated joint, apply ice to the injured area, and seek medical attention as soon as possible

First Aid for Injuries to Muscles, Bones, and Joints Sprain: an injury to ligaments, tendons, and soft tissue around a joint caused by undue stretching Signs of a Sprain include: • Pain that increases with movement or weight bearing • Swelling • Tenderness When treating, use the RICE Treatment (Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation), and seek medical attention as soon as possible.

First Aid for Injuries to Muscles, Bones, and Joints Strain: an overstretching of muscles and/or tendons Signs of a Strain include: • • Pain Swelling Stiffness Firmness to the area When treating, use the RICE Treatment (Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation), and seek medical attention as soon as possible for a severe strain.

First Aid for Heat-Related Illness Heat Cramps: painful muscle spasms that occur most often in the legs and arms due to excessive fluid loss through sweating How to treat Heat Cramps • Have victim rest in a cool, shaded area • Give the victim cool water to drink • Stretch the muscle gently

First Aid for Heat-Related Illness Heat Exhaustion: extreme tiredness due to the inability of the body temperature to be regulated Symptoms include: • Cool, moist, pale, or red skin • Nausea • Headache • Dizziness • Fast Pulse • Weakness How to treat Heat Exhaustion • Have the victim rest in a cool place (lie down, elevate feet) • Give the victim cool water to drink • Observe the victim for signs of Heat Stroke

First Aid for Heat-Related Illness Heat Stroke: sudden attack of illness from exposure to high temperatures Symptoms include: • Ceasing of sweating • High body temperature • Rapid pulse and respiration rate • Skin becomes hot and dry • Weakness • Dizziness • Headache • Unconsciousness How to treat Heat Stoke • Have victim rest in cool place • Remove heavy clothing • Wrap victim in cool, wet towels • Place ice packs near neck, armpits, and groin • Continue cooling the victim, and seek medical attention as soon as possible

First Aid for Cold-Temperature Related Illness Frostbite: the freezing of body parts, often the tissues of the extremities (fingers, toes, ears, nose) Symptoms include: • Numbness in the affected area • Waxy appearance of skin • Skin that is cold to the touch • Skin discoloration Seek medical attention immediately!

First Aid for Cold-Temperature Related Illness Treatment for Frostbite when medical attention is not immediately available • • Remove any clothing or jewelry that interferes with circulation Handle the affected area gently Soak the affected body part in water that is warm, but not too warm for someone who has not been exposed to the cold (between 100 and 105 degrees Fahrenheit) Warming usually takes 25 to 40 minutes until the tissue is soft Apply warm, moist cloths to warm the ears, nose, or face DO NOT rub affected body part or allow victim to walk on frostbitten toes or feet, even after warming Slightly elevate the affect body part Place dry, sterile gauze between toes and fingers to absorb moisture and prevent them from sticking together

First Aid for Cold-Temperature Related Illness Hypothermia: a reduction in body temperature so that it is lower than normal (most cases are mild) Symptoms include: • Shivering • Feeling cold • Slowed pulse rate • Irregular pulse rate • Drop in body temperature • A victim can become unconscious or even die if untreated Seek medical attention immediately!

First Aid for Cold-Temperature Related Illness Treatment for Hypothermia when medical attention is not immediately available • • Bring victim into a warm place Remove any wet clothing and replace with dry clothing Use an electric blanket or tub of water (no warmer than 105 degrees Fahrenheit) to warm the victim, but keep the arms and legs out of the water or out from underneath the blanket Place hot packs on the victim’s head, neck, chest, and groin, but be sure not to burn him/her If victim is experiencing “profound” hypothermia (body temperature is below 90 degrees Fahrenheit), do NOT attempt to rewarm the victim. Perform CPR only if there is no pulse. Wait for medical personnel to transport the victim to a medical facility.

First Aid for Poisonous Plants Poison Ivy, Poison Sumac, Poison Oak Symptoms include: • Skin redness • Swelling • Itching Treatment • Wash affected area with soap and water immediately • Remove any clothing that may have come in contact with it • Use a cold compress to relieve itching/swelling • Take an antihistamine (Benadryl)

First Aid for Poisonous Snakes Coral Snake, Rattlesnake, Copperhead Symptoms include: • • • Pain at the site of the bite Rapid pulse Dimmed vision Vomiting Shortness of breath Possible shock or unconsciousness Treatment • Treat for shock • Keep the victim still to prevent the poison from traveling faster through the body • Keep the bitten area below the level of the heart • Seek immediate medical attention

First Aid for Poison Marine Animals Jellyfish, Sting Ray, Sea Urchin Symptoms include: • • Pain at the site of the sting Itching Swelling Tingling/Numbness More serious symptoms: • Breathing difficulties • Heart problems • Paralysis Treatment (sting ray, sea urchin) • Remove the sting ray or sea urchin • Flush the area with water • Soak the area in hot water for 30 minutes to relieve pain • Clean the wound apply a bandage Treatment (Jelly Fish) • Soak the area with vinegar, rubbing alcohol, or baking soda as soon as possible

First Aid for Spider Bites Dangerous Spiders Black Widow, Brown Recluse Symptoms include: • • • Pain at the site of the bite Rapid pulse Dimmed vision Vomiting Shortness of breath Possible shock or unconsciousness Treatment • Treat for shock • Keep the victim still to prevent the poison from traveling faster through the body • Keep the bitten area below the level of the heart • Seek immediate medical attention