First Aid Skills First Aid Merit Badge 1

First Aid Skills First Aid Merit Badge 1

First Aid Skills Rank Advancement Tenderfoot Rank Requirements 1. Identify local poisonous plants; tell how to treat for exposure to them. 2. Demonstrate how to care for someone who is choking. 3. Show first aid for the following: Simple cuts and scrapes, blisters on the hand foot, minor (thermal/heat) burns of scalds (superficial, or first-degree), bites or stings of insects and ticks, venomous snakebite, nosebleed, frostbite and sunburn. Second Class Rank Requirements 1. Show what to do for ‘hurry’ cases of stopped breathing, serious bleeding, and ingested poisoning. 2. Prepare a personal first-aid kit to take with you on a hike. 3. Demonstrate first aid for the following: object in the eye, bite of a suspected rabid animal, puncture wounds from a splinter, nail, and fishhook, serious burns (partial thickness, or seconddegree), heat exhaustion, shock, heatstroke, dehydration, hypothermia, and hyperventilation. First Class Requirements 1. Demonstrate bandages for a sprained ankle and for injuries on the head, upper arm, and collarbone. 2. Show to transport by yourself, and with one other person, a)from a smoke filled room, b)with a sprained ankle, for at least 25 yards. 3. Tell the five most common signals of a hear attack. Explain the steps in CPR. 2

First Aid Skills Merit Badge Requirments 1. Satisfy your counselor that you have current knowledge of all first-aid requirements for Tenderfoot, Second Class, and First Class Ranks. 2. 3. Do the following: a. Explain how you would obtain emergency medical assistance from your home, on a wilderness camping trip, and during an activity on open water. b. Explain the term triage. c. Explain the standard precautions as applied to bloodborne pathogens. d. Prepare a first-aid kit for your home. Display and discuss its contents with your counselor. Do the following: a. Explain what action you should take for someone who shows signals of shock, for someone who shows signals of a heart attack, and for someone who shows signals of stroke. b. Identify the conditions that must exist before performing CPR on a person. Then demonstrate proper technique in performing CPR using a training device approved by your counselor. c. Explain the use of an automated external defibrillator (AED). d. Show steps that need to be taken for someone suffering from a severe cut on the leg and on the wrist. Tell the dangers in the use of a tourniquet and the conditions under which its use is justified. 3

First Aid Skills Merit Badge Requirments a. Explain when a bee sting could be life threatening and what action should be taken for prevention and for first aid. b. Explain symptoms of heatstroke and what action should be taken for first aid for prevention. 4. Do the following: a. Describe the signals of a broken bone. Show first-aid procedures for handling fractures (broken bones), including open (compound) fractures of the forearm, wrist, upper leg, and lower leg using improvised materials. b. Describe the symptoms and possible complications and demonstrate proper procedures for treating suspected injuries to the head, neck, and back. Explain what measures should be taken to reduce the possibility of further complicating these injuries. 5. Describe the symptoms, proper first-aid procedures, and possible prevention measures for the following conditions: hypothermia, convulsions/seizures, frostbite, dehydration, bruises, strains, sprains, burns, abdominal pain, broken, chipped, or loosened tooth, knocked out tooth, muscle cramps. 6. Do TWO of the following: a) If a sick or an injured person must be moved, tell how you would determine the best method. Demonstrate the method. b) With helpers under your supervision, improvise a stretcher and move a presumably unconscious person. c) With your counselors’ approval, arrange a visit with your patrol or troop to an emergency medical facility or through an American Red Cross chapter for a demonstration of how an AED is used. 7. Teach another Scout a first-aid skill selected by your counselor. 4

First Aid Skills Lesson One 5

First Aid Skills Lesson One – Objectives Fundamentals of First Aid 1. Define the meaning of First Aid. 2. Explain how to use the 911 system. 3. Explain the first concern when giving first aid. 4. Explain when to move and when not to move an injured person. 5. List the four steps of victim assessment. 6. What is Triage? 6

First Aid Skills Fundamentals of First Aid 1. What is the purpose of first aid: Ø First Aid is care given to an injured person to stabilize and keep him / her safe until he / she can receive professional medical attention. 7

First Aid Skills Fundamentals of First Aid Scenario: A man has been hit by a car and thrown into the street. He is wearing shorts, and blood is flowing, but not spurting, from his leg. What looks like a bone is sticking out of his leg. What are the two major concerns when giving first aid to this victim? 8

First Aid Skills Fundamentals of First Aid Answer: First, safety of the rescuer from traffic and the safety of the victim. Second, unless the victim is in a lifethreatening situation, he should not be moved. 9

First Aid Skills Fundamentals of First Aid 2. List the Two Major Concerns When Giving First Aid: a. The first rule of first aid and the primary concern is: Safety b. The second concern is, unless the victim is in a life-threatening situation, he or she should: Not Be Moved 10

First Aid Skills Giving First Aid RAP ABCH R is for Responsiveness Is the victim conscious? Touch their shoulder, ask if they are alright. Ask if they need help. If they say no, then proceed no further If yes, or no response, then proceed to A 11

First Aid Skills Giving First Aid RAP ABCH A is for Activate EMS or 911 12

First Aid Skills How to Use the 911 System 4. What are the four things you need to remember when making a 911 call? Ø Your name Ø The emergency Ø The location of the emergency Ø Condition of the victim Stay on the line with the operator until help arrives. 13

First Aid Skills How To Use the 911 System When should EMS / 911 be called? Ø Check the victim for responsiveness. If they do not respond or if they tell you that they need help, then contact EMS. 14

First Aid Skills When To Move An Injured Person P is for Position Only re-position the victim if the victim is in further danger in their present location. And / or there does not seem to be spinal injury and additional care requires moving them. 15

First Aid Skills Explain when an injured person should and should not be moved? Ø If there are suspected spinal injuries, do not move the victim (except when the victim is in a life threatening situation). Seek immediate medical attention. 16

First Aid Skills Four Steps of Victim Assessment Use the mnemonic “ABCH” Ø A is for airway -check to see if the airway is blocked. Use your finger to sweep the mouth to remove any seen object. If this fails, then perform the Heimlich maneuver or abdominal thrusts. We will learn these techniques in later lessons. 17

First Aid Skills Four Steps of Victim Assessment Ø B is for breathing Look, listen and feel by watching the chest and placing your cheek a few inches above the mouth of the victim to sense any movement of air. If the victim is not breathing, they may need their head repositioned. If they are still not breathing they need rescue breathing, do not give unless you are trained, instead, find an adult. 18

First Aid Skills Four Steps of Victim Assessment Ø C is for circulation If there is not a pulse, then this person needs CPR. The best place to check for a pulse is the carotid artery along the side of the neck along the windpipe. If you are not trained in CPR, then find someone who is. 19

First Aid Skills Four Steps of Victim Assessment Ø H is for Hemorrhaging If the victim is bleeding, then provide the necessary care. If not, then begin a secondary assessment. 20

First Aid Skills What is Triage? Process of prioritizing patients based on the severity of their condition so as to treat as many as possible when resources are insufficient for all to be treated immediately. 21

First Aid Skills Lesson One Review First aid is a first-response activity, nothing more. It’s sole goal is to maintain the injured person until they get professional help. First priority – Safety for all! Blood from a cut or torn vein will flow, a cut artery will spurt. 22

First Aid Skills Lesson One True-False Questions T F 1. Checking the victim, calling for help, and giving care three steps in treating someone who has been seriously hurt or ill. T F 2. It is ok to move someone who is seriously hurt to make them feel better. T F 3. Knowing first aid could save a life, and applying first aid should be accompanied with prayer. 23

First Aid Skills Lesson One True-False Questions T F 4. The groove to the side of the neck (carotid artery) is a good place to check the pulse. T F 5. Calling for help may be the most important thing that you do to help the victim. T F 6. First aid is the temporary care that you give until professional help arrives. 24

First Aid Skills Lesson Two 25

First Aid Skills Lesson Two – Objectives Choking, AED, Shock and Weather Related Ailments 1. Review Victim Assessment from lesson 1. 2. Explain and Demonstrate the Heimlich maneuver and abdominal thrusts. 3. What is an AED and what is it used for? 4. Explain the treatment for shock and hot and cold weather related injuries or ailments. 26

First Aid Skills RAP ABCH Review 1. Safety is the primary concern. 2. R = Responsiveness (Is the victim conscious? ) 3. A = Activate EMS or 911 4. P = Position (no spinal injury, position according to injury) 5. A = Airway (is it blocked? Check head position) 27

First Aid Skills RAP ABCH Review 6. B = Breathing (is the victim breathing? Check!) 7. C = Circulation (Is there a pulse? Check!) 8. H = Hemorrhaging (Is the victim bleeding? ) 9. Perform secondary survey. Examine the victim for other injuries and wait for medical attention to arrive. 28

First Aid Skills Heimlich Maneuver Ø Used only when the victim is conscious and is unable to breath or cough. Ø Victim coughing, encourage to continue. Ø If the victim goes unconscious, use Abdominal Thrusts 29

First Aid Skills Heimlich Maneuver 30

First Aid Skills Heimlich Maneuver 1. Stand behind victim. 2. Wrap arms around victim’s waist and not around the ribs. 3. Make a fist and place thumb side of your fist just slightly above the navel. 4. Grab your fist with your other hand. 31

First Aid Skills Heimlich Maneuver 5. Press into the victim’s stomach with five quick upward thrusts. Each thrust should have a pause in between. 6. After every five thrusts, recheck the victim. Repeat until the object has been dislodged of until the victim loses consciousness. Time To Practice! 32

First Aid Skills 33

First Aid Skills Abdominal Thrusts 1. Place victim on his or her back. 2. Straddle the victim by sitting on their thighs. 3. Place the heel of one hand just slightly above their navel. Your fingers should be angled slightly upward, pointed toward the victim’s head. 34

First Aid Skills Abdominal Thrusts 4. Grasp your hand by placing your other hand on top and lacing your fingers into the first hand. 5. Press inward and upward with five quick thrusts. Each thrust should have a pause in between. 35

First Aid Skills Abdominal Thrusts 6. After every five thrusts, recheck the victim. Repeat until the object has been dislodged or until you are relieved by another person or an EMT. 7. Perform finger sweep after each set of five thrusts. Time To Practice! 36

First Aid Skills What is an AED and what is it used for? A portable electronic device that automatically diagnoses the potentially life threatening cardiac arrhythmias of ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia in a patient, and is able to treat them through defibrillation, the application of electrical therapy which stops the arrhythmia, allowing the heart to reestablish an effective rhythm. AEDs are designed to be simple to use for the layman, and the use of AEDs is taught in many first aid, first responder and basic life support (BLS) level CPR classes. 37

First Aid Skills Shock - Treatment Ø Preserve body heat by placing a blanket or cover the victim. Provide insulation, or move the victim, if possible, to a warmer environment. 38

First Aid Skills Shock - Treatment 39

First Aid Skills Shock - Treatment Allergic Reaction First Question: Is shock the result of an allergic reaction? If the shock is the result of an allergic reaction, then follow victim's instructions for treating allergy and monitor the "ABCH’s" until medical attention arrives. 40

First Aid Skills Shock - Treatment Ø Spinal injury – do not move the victim. Ø If result of a head injury or if victim has difficulty breathing, elevate head and shoulders by placing a pillow or blanket under head. Ø If the victim is unconscious or vomiting, then turn the victim on their left side so the stomach is on the left side of the body. 41

First Aid Skills Shock - Treatment Ø If no, elevate legs eight to twelve inches off the ground. Ø If less then two hours from medical care, then do not give fluids (except to those who are conscious and are severely burned). Ø If no, give small and periodic amounts of water (only if conscious). Ø Wait for medical attention to arrive. 42

First Aid Skills Weather Related Emergencies Weather related emergencies include: ØHyperthermia: Heat related, body unable to cool itself ØHeat Exhaustion: Skin cold & clammy, person alert ØHeatstroke: Skin hot, altered state of awareness ØHypothermia: Cold related, body unable to warm itself ØFrostbite: Freezing of the extremities (fingers & toes) ØFrostnip: First stage of freezing outer layers of skin 43

First Aid Skills Weather Related Emergencies Treatment for Hyperthermia “The body is unable to COOL itself. ” Ø Move person into a cool place; remove any excess clothing; cool victim with either water, fanning, or cool packs under the armpits or groin; wait for medical attention, in the case of heatstroke. 44

First Aid Skills Weather Related Emergencies Treatment for Hypothermia “The core body temperature drops below Ninety-five degrees. ” 45

First Aid Skills Weather Related Emergencies Treatment for Hypothermia Ø Move the victim out of the cold; handle the victim carefully; replace wet clothes with dry clothes. Ø You may need to be forceful verbally to get the individual to comply; Ø Insulate from the cold with layered clothing and/or an insulated sleeping bag. 46

First Aid Skills Lesson 2 Review Questions True-False Questions T F 7. Hyperthermia occurs when the body loses the ability to cool itself and overheats. T F 8. When you have frostbite, rub the hands together slowly to warm them up. T F 9. Hypothermia occurs when the body loses its ability to keep itself warm. T F 10. Shock may occur with any injury, illness, or trauma. 47

First Aid Skills Lesson 2 Review Questions True-False Questions T F 11. Itching eyes is a sign of hypothermia. T F 12. Clammy skin is a sign of heat exhaustion. 13. Describe the treatment needed for the following scenario: You have come to an accident scene, and the victim is sitting on the curb. He or she seems a little upset, is shivering, and there is some discoloration of the skin. How do you treat this person? Check “RAP ABCH”. Cover with blanket. Ask if it is an allergic reaction. Seek medical attention. 48

First Aid Skills Lesson Three 49

First Aid Skills Lesson Three – Objectives 1. Explain and demonstrate first aid for a cut. 2. Explain how to treat a blister. 3. Explain and demonstrate first aid for a puncture wound. 4. Explain and demonstrate first aid for arterial bleeding of an arm or leg. 5. Explain and demonstrate how to stop bleeding. 6. Dangers of a tourniquet. 50

First Aid Skills Blister Treatment Ø Remove the object or clothing that is causing the blister. Ø Wash with warm water and soap. Ø Use a sterile needle to pop the blister at its base and drain. Ø Place a donut-shaped piece of mole foam around it to keep it from further irritation. 51

First Aid Skills Blister Treatment 1. Treating a Blister a. Remove footwear then wash the blister with warm water and soap. b. The best place to pop the blister is at the base. c. Do not tear off the roof of the blister. d. The best way to prevent blisters is to wear properly fitted footwear. 52

First Aid Skills Puncture Wound Treatment Ø Larger wounds - never remove barriers (may cause wound to bleed again). Ø Wash gently with outward strokes to move dirt and bacteria away from wound. Ø Use a stream of water to flush it out. Dry carefully, apply antibacterial ointment (for small wounds) and sterile bandage. 53

First Aid Skills Puncture Wound Treatment 2. Treating punctures: a. If the object has already been removed, treat the wound based on the type of bleeding that has occurred. b. The object acts as a plug and should not be removed. c. The most important thing is to keep the object from moving. 54

First Aid Skills Minor Cut Treatment Ø Wash hands with soap and water. Ø Apply direct pressure to the cut until it stops bleeding. Ø Gently wash with soap and water and rinse it for a few minutes. Ø Pat dry and add a bandage with small dab of ointment on it. 55

First Aid Skills Arterial Bleeding Ø Check RAP ABCH first. Ø Try to stop the bleeding using direct pressure. Ø If the bleeding stops, treat for shock. Ø If not, then: Elevate that part of the body above the victim's heart and continue with direct pressure. 56

First Aid Skills Pressure Points for Control of Bleeding 57

First Aid Skills Arterial Bleeding Ø If the bleeding stops, treat for shock. If not, then: Locate a pressure point and continue to apply direct pressure. Ø The pressure points are located in the upper arm and where the leg joins the hip. 58

First Aid Skills Arterial Bleeding Ø If the bleeding stops, treat for shock. If not, then: Seek immediate medical assistance. Ø Use a tourniquet as last resort. 59

First Aid Skills Dangers of a Tourniquet Emergency tourniquets are used in emergency bleeding control to prevent severe blood loss from limb trauma. Emergency tourniquets are a last resort, for all blood flow below the application of an emergency tourniquet is stopped, and can subsequently kill the tissue, leading to eventual loss of the limb below application. 60

First Aid Skills Preventing Infection 3. How to prevent infection. a. The best way to prevent infection is to wash the wound. b. Protect the wound with a clean sterile dressing. 61

First Aid Skills Lesson 3 Review Questions True or False Questions T F 14. A foot blister occurs because of the constant rubbing of clothing of equipment against the skin. T F 15. Most wounds can be card for by applying direct pressure, cleaning, applying medicine, and applying a bandage. T F 16. A tourniquet is a good and safe way to control bleeding at a camp-out. T F 17. Arterial bleeding is considered a simple wound. 62

First Aid Skills Lesson 3 Review Questions True or False Questions T F 18. A deep puncture wound is not serious and does not need to be treated by a doctor. T F 19. Applying ointment is not a method to control bleeding from a large wound. Let’s Practice 63

First Aid Skills Lesson Four 64

First Aid Skills Lesson Four – Objectives 1. Explain and demonstrate how to respond to poisonings. 2. Explain and demonstrate first aid for insect bites. 3. Explain how to remove a splinter from a finger. 4. Explain how to treat poisonings. 65

First Aid Skills Poisons can enter the body one of four ways: 1. Inhalation 2. Ingestion 3. Injection 4. Absorption 66

First Aid Skills Poisoning Treatment Ø Absorbed, like Poison ivy, Ø Immediately wash the area with soap and water. Ø Then take a cool bath and apply calamine lotion. Ø If it spreads and painful, then seek medical attention. 67

First Aid Skills Poisoning Treatment Ø Poisonous injections: i. e. Snakebites, Ø Identify the snake, if possible. Ø Then clean the bite with soap and water and keep bite below heart level. Ø Seek medical attention. 68

First Aid Skills Poisoning Treatment Ø If the poison is inhaled or swallowed; Ø Check "ABCH" and treat for shock. Ø Seek medical attention and call the Poison Control Center Ø 1 -800 -222 -1222 69

First Aid Skills Insect Bite or Sting Treatment Ø If possible, try to catch the spider or insect without risk to you. Ø Check to see if the stinger is in the skin. Ø If not, Clean the area, apply ice to reduce swelling. 70

First Aid Skills Insect Bite or Sting Treatment Ø If stinger is found, gently scrape the stinger out of the wound using a plastic card or fingernail, pulling away from the wound to minimize amount of toxin released into the body. Ø Do not squeeze stinger. Treat wound as a minor cut. 71

First Aid Skills Insect Bite or Sting Treatment Bee Sting Snake Bite Brown Recluse Spider Bite 72

First Aid Skills Insect Bite or Sting Treatment Ø Next, check to see if the victim is allergic to the bite. Ø Look for signs of shock and swelling. Ø If no, then seek medical attention or an adult for assistance. Ø If yes, check “ABCH, ” treat for shock, and immediately seek medical attention. 73

First Aid Skills Splinters and Ticks - Treatment Tick Bite Splinter 74

First Aid Skills Splinters and Ticks - Treatment Ø Use tweezers to carefully remove. Ø If splinter breaks, use sterilized tweezers. Ø Remove remainder of splinter, and treat wound as a minor cut. 75

First Aid Skills Splinters and Ticks - Treatment 1. Treating a splinter. a. Remove as much of the splinter as possible. b. If the splinter breaks off, sterilize the tweezers. c. Do not cut into the skin. 76

First Aid Skills Splinters and Ticks - Treatment 2. Treating a tick. a. Do not yank the tick out, but slowly pull it out. b. After removing the tick, clean the area and watch for infection. c. Contact medical attention if swelling, redness, or itching persists. 77

First Aid Skills Lesson 4 Review Questions True or False Questions T F 20. To remove a tick, just yank it off of your body. T F 21. Call the Poison Control Center if poison is swallowed or inhaled. T F 22. For a snakebite, slice the wound, suck out the venom, and spit it out. T F 23. To remove the oils that rub onto the body from poison ivy, poison oak, or poison sumac, you should change your clothes and wash thoroughly. 78

First Aid Skills Lesson 4 Review Questions True or False Questions T F 24. Tweezers are needed to remove a splinter. T F 25. A plastic card could be used to remove a stinger from an insect bite. 79

First Aid Skills Lesson Five 80

First Aid Skills Lesson Five – Objectives 1. Demonstrate and explain first aid for simple burns. 2. Assemble a personal first aid kit. 3. Learn where a first aid kit should be stored. 81

First Aid Skills Degree of Burn Epidermis Dermis First Degree Burn Hypodermis Second Degree Burn Third Degree Burn 82

First Aid Skills Burns – Degrees of Burns 1. First-degree burn a. Only the top layer of skin is burned. b. The skin is only mildly discolored. c. There is only a little swelling. d. These burns usually heal within a week. 83

First Aid Skills First-Degree Burn Redness (Erythema) First Degree Burn Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis Damage to the outer layer of skin (epidermis), causing pain, redness, and swelling. 84

First Aid Skills Burns – Degrees of Burns 1. Second-degree burn a. Several layers of skin are burned. b. The skin has a spotty or blotchy appearance. c. There is greater swelling, and there are blisters. d. These burns take up to three weeks to heal and should be attended by a physician. 85

First Aid Skills Second-Degree Burn Second Degree Burn Damage to both outer skin and underlying tissue layers (epidermis and dermis), causing pain, redness, swelling, and blistering. Blisters (Bulla) 86

First Aid Skills Burns – Degrees of Burns 1. Third-degree burn a. Many layers of skin are burned. b. There is severe discoloration. c. Some skin may be charred. d. These burns can be life threatening. 87

First Aid Skills Third-Degree Burn Full thickness burn with tissue damage Third Degree Burn Damage extends deeper into tissues (epidermis, and hypodermis) causing extensive tissue destruction. The skin may feel numb. 88

First Aid Skills Heat Burn Treatment Ø Go through “RAP ABCH” first, then ask if burn was caused by heat. Ø Determine degree and amount of burn. Ø If it is a third-degree burn or large seconddegree burn, use the “ABCH”, then treat for shock. Ø Do not attempt to pull off the clothing because skin may come with it. 89

First Aid Skills Heat Burn Treatment Ø Cut it off if attached to the skin. Ø Apply a sterile dressing and elevate. Ø Seek immediate medical attention. Ø Burn is first-degree or small second-degree, apply cold water/compress until pain stops. Ø If you must use ice, provide a barrier. Ø Do not apply an ointment. 90

First Aid Skills Chemical Burn Treatment Ø Determine if burn was caused by a dry chemical. Ø If so, brush it off, remove clothing, wash area fifteen to twenty minutes. Ø If not caused by dry chemical, remove clothing and jewelry, wash area for fifteen to twenty minutes. Ø Seek medical attention in both cases. 91

First Aid Skills Electrical Burn Treatment Ø If burn is not chemical, then it’s an electrical burn. Ø Is victim in contact with electrical source, are you at risk. Ø If yes, ask adult to turn off power. Ø May entail calling 911 to have then call appropriate person. Ø Treatment same as heat burn. 92

First Aid Skills Electrical Burn Treatment Ø In all cases, monitor wound for signs of infection. Ø Large wounds – seek medical attention to reduce risk of infection. Ø Serious burn, monitor for signs of shock. 93

First Aid Skills First Aid Kit Ø Container – To keep all first aid items in one common container. Ø Gauze Pads -To cover wounds and prevent infection. Ø Roll Bandage -To stabilize strains and sprains and cover wounds. Ø Triangular Bandage -To cover wounds and prevent infection. 94

First Aid Skills First Aid Kit Ø Bandages -To stop minor bleeding and prevent infection. Ø Adhesive Tape -To secure bandages to wounds. Ø Antibacterial Ointment -To prevent infection on small cuts. 95

First Aid Skills First Aid Kit Ø Calamine Lotion -To prevent itching. Ø Soap -To clean minor wounds and cuts and to prevent infection. Ø Latex Gloves -To protect the rescuer from infection and blood pathogens. 96

First Aid Skills First Aid Kit Ø Bandage Scissors -To cut gauze and bandages. Ø Tweezers -To pull splinters. Ø Moleskin -To protect blisters and prevent infection. 97

First Aid Skills First Aid Kit Where should a first aid kit be placed? Ø It should be placed in a visible location near the center of the activities. Everyone should be aware of its location. 98

First Aid Skills Lesson 5 Review Questions True or False Questions T F 26. A first-degree burn should be cooled using ice, not water. T F 27. When helping a victim with a chemical burn, quickly rinse the burn for a few seconds. T F 28. You should remove clothing from a burn, even if it is sticking, so you can treat it more effectively. T F 29. When approaching a victim or electrical burns, you should make sure the power is off. 99

First Aid Skills Lesson 5 Review Questions True or False Questions T F 30. Duck tape is an important item in a first aid kit. T F 31. Large second-degree burns are just as dangerous as third-degree burns. 100

First Aid Skills Lesson Six 101

First Aid Skills Lesson Six – Objectives 1. What is Cardiopulmonary resuscitation ? 2. The ABC’s of Cardiopulmonary resuscitation. 3. Explain the steps in Cardiopulmonary resuscitation. 102

First Aid Skills Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving technique useful in many emergencies, including heart attack or near drowning, in which someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped. Ideally, CPR involves two elements: chest compressions combined with mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing. Call 911 Airway & Breathing Hand Placement Circulation 103

First Aid Skills Before you begin • Assess the situation before starting CPR: • Is the person conscious or unconscious? • If the person appears unconscious, tap or shake his or her shoulder and ask loudly, "Are you OK? " • If the person doesn't respond and two people are available, one should call 911 or the local emergency number and one should begin CPR. If you are alone and have immediate access to a telephone, call 911 before beginning CPR — unless you think the person has become unresponsive because of suffocation (such as from drowning). In this special case, begin CPR for one minute and then call 911. • If an AED is immediately available, deliver one shock if advised by the device, then begin CPR. 104

First Aid Skills Remember the ABC’s Think ABC — Airway, Breathing and Circulation. Move quickly through Airway and Breathing to begin chest compressions to restore Circulation. 105

First Aid Skills AIRWAY: Clear the airway • Put the person on his or her back on a firm surface. • Kneel next to the person's neck and shoulders. • Open the person's airway using the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver. Put your palm on the person's forehead and gently tilt the head back. Then with the other hand, gently lift the chin forward to open the airway. • Check for normal breathing, taking no more than five or 10 seconds: Look for chest motion, listen for breath sounds, and feel for the person's breath on your cheek and ear. Gasping is not considered to be normal breathing. If the person isn't breathing normally and you are trained in CPR, begin mouth-to-mouth breathing. If you believe the person is unconscious from a heart attack and you haven't been trained in emergency procedures, skip mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing and proceed directly to chest compressions to restore circulation. 106

First Aid Skills BREATHING: Breathe for the person Rescue breathing can be mouth-to-mouth breathing or mouth-to-nose breathing if the mouth is seriously injured or can't be opened. • With the airway open (using the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver) pinch the nostrils shut for mouth-to-mouth breathing and cover the person's mouth with yours, making a seal. • Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Give the first rescue breath — lasting one second — and watch to see if the chest rises. If it does rise, give the second breath. If the chest doesn't rise, repeat the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver and then give the second breath. • Begin chest compressions to restore circulation. 107

First Aid Skills CIRCULATION: Restore blood circulation with chest compressions • Place the heel of one hand over the center of the person's chest, between the nipples. Place your other hand on top of the first hand. Keep your elbows straight and position your shoulders directly above your hands. • Use your upper body weight (not just your arms) as you push straight down on (compress) the chest 2 inches (approximately 5 centimeters). Push hard and push fast — give two compressions per second, or about 120 compressions per minute. • After 30 compressions, tilt the head back and lift the chin up to open the airway. Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Pinch the nose shut and breathe into the mouth for one second. If the chest rises, give a second rescue breath. If the chest doesn't rise, repeat the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver and then give the second rescue breath. That's one cycle. If someone else is available, ask that person to give two breaths after you do 30 compressions. • If the person has not begun moving after five cycles (about two minutes) and an automatic external defibrillator (AED) is available, apply it and follow the prompts. The American Heart Association recommends administering one shock, then resuming CPR — starting with chest compressions — for two more minutes before administering a second shock. If you're not trained to use an AED, a 911 operator may be able to guide you in its use. Trained staff at many public places are also able to provide and use an AED. Use pediatric pads, if available, for children ages 1 to 8. Do not use an AED for infants younger than age 1. • Continue CPR until there are signs of movement or until emergency medical personnel take over. 108

First Aid Skills QUESTIONS 109