Nonmetallic Elements and Their Compounds Chapter 21 1

  • Slides: 32
Download presentation
Nonmetallic Elements and Their Compounds Chapter 21 1 Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies,

Nonmetallic Elements and Their Compounds Chapter 21 1 Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Nonmetallic Elements Metalloids 2

Nonmetallic Elements Metalloids 2

Hydrogen Production C 3 H 8 (g) + 3 H 2 O (g) C

Hydrogen Production C 3 H 8 (g) + 3 H 2 O (g) C (s) + H 2 O (g) Zn (s) + 2 HCl (aq) 3 CO (g) + 7 H 2 (g) CO (g) + H 2 (g) Zn. Cl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) 3

Binary Hydrides of the Representative Elements 4

Binary Hydrides of the Representative Elements 4

Isotopes of Hydrogen 1 1 H (hydrogen), 12 H (deuterium, D), 13 H (tritium,

Isotopes of Hydrogen 1 1 H (hydrogen), 12 H (deuterium, D), 13 H (tritium, T) Kinetic isotope effect CH 3 COOH (aq) CH 3 COO- (aq) + H+ (aq) Ka = 1. 8 x 10 -5 CH 3 COOD (aq) CH 3 COO- (aq) + D+ (aq) Ka = 6 x 10 -6 5

Hydrogenation is the addition of hydrogen to compounds containing multiple bonds. H 2 +

Hydrogenation is the addition of hydrogen to compounds containing multiple bonds. H 2 + H H C C H H H Pt catalyst on Al 2 O 3 used in hydrogenation 6

The Hydrogen Economy 2 H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2 H 2

The Hydrogen Economy 2 H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2 H 2 O (l) Fuel Values of Some Common Fuels Fuel Value (k. J/g) Wood (pine) 18 Coal 31 Crude oil 45 Gasoline 48 Natural gas 49 Hydrogen 142 7

Chemistry In Action: Metallic Hydrogen Composition of Jupiter 8

Chemistry In Action: Metallic Hydrogen Composition of Jupiter 8

Phase Diagram of Carbon Synthetic diamond C (diamond) C (graphite) DG 0 = -2.

Phase Diagram of Carbon Synthetic diamond C (diamond) C (graphite) DG 0 = -2. 87 k. J 9

Chemistry In Action: Synthetic Gas from Coal C (s) + H 2 O (g)

Chemistry In Action: Synthetic Gas from Coal C (s) + H 2 O (g) C (s) + 2 H 2 (g) CO (g) + H 2 (g) CH 4 (g) CH 3 OH (l) 10

11

11

Important Reactions Involving Nitrogen Nitrides Ammonia Hydrazine basic reducing agent 12

Important Reactions Involving Nitrogen Nitrides Ammonia Hydrazine basic reducing agent 12

Oxides and Oxoacids of Nitrogen Nitrous oxide: N 2 O (laughing gas) Nitric oxide:

Oxides and Oxoacids of Nitrogen Nitrous oxide: N 2 O (laughing gas) Nitric oxide: NO nitrogen fixation 13

Nitrogen dioxide: NO 2 14

Nitrogen dioxide: NO 2 14

Nitric acid: HNO 3 A strong oxidizing acid 15

Nitric acid: HNO 3 A strong oxidizing acid 15

Chemistry In Action: Ammonium Nitrate–The Explosive Fertilizer At T > 2500 C NH 4

Chemistry In Action: Ammonium Nitrate–The Explosive Fertilizer At T > 2500 C NH 4 NO 3 (g) N 2 O (g) + 2 H 2 O (g) At T > 3000 C 2 NH 4 NO 3 (g) Alfred P. Murrah Building 2 N 2 (g) + 4 H 2 O (g) + O 2 (g) Bag of Fertilizer 16

Phosphorus 2 Ca 3(PO 4)2 (s) + 10 C (s) + 6 Si. O

Phosphorus 2 Ca 3(PO 4)2 (s) + 10 C (s) + 6 Si. O 2 (s) n. P 4 (white phosphorus) 300 o. C 6 Ca. Si. O 3 (s) + 10 CO (g) + P 4 (s) (P 4)n (red phosphorus) 17

Halides Oxoacid: H 3 PO 4 weak triprotic acid 18

Halides Oxoacid: H 3 PO 4 weak triprotic acid 18

Phosphorus Oxides 19

Phosphorus Oxides 19

Common Phosphorus-Containing Oxoacids 20

Common Phosphorus-Containing Oxoacids 20

Oxygen • • • O O • • superoxide O 2 - (aq) +

Oxygen • • • O O • • superoxide O 2 - (aq) + H 2 O (l) • • • • 2 O O • • peroxide • • • • 2 O • • oxide 2 OH- (aq) O 22 (aq) + 2 H 2 O (l) O 2 (g) + 4 OH- (aq) 4 O 2 - (aq) + 2 H 2 O (l) 3 O 2 (g) + 4 OH- (aq) acidic oxides basicity amphoteric 21

Ozone 3 O 2 (g) 2 O 3 (g) DG 0 = 326. 8

Ozone 3 O 2 (g) 2 O 3 (g) DG 0 = 326. 8 k. J (powerful oxidizing agent) Electrical Discharge Production of Ozone 22

Hydrogen peroxide: H 2 O 2 disproportionation An oxidizing agent A reducing agent 23

Hydrogen peroxide: H 2 O 2 disproportionation An oxidizing agent A reducing agent 23

Frasch Process 24

Frasch Process 24

Oxides Sulfur dioxide: SO 2 Sulfur trioxide: SO 3 Sulfuric acid: H 2 SO

Oxides Sulfur dioxide: SO 2 Sulfur trioxide: SO 3 Sulfuric acid: H 2 SO 4 Strong diprotic acid Oxidizing strength enhanced with temperature 25

26

26

27

27

Electrolytic Production of Fluorine 2 F 2 H+ + 2 e 2 HF F

Electrolytic Production of Fluorine 2 F 2 H+ + 2 e 2 HF F 2 (g) + 2 e. H 2 (g) + F 2 (g) 28

Laboratory Production of Chlorine Gas Mn. O 2 (s) + 2 H 2 SO

Laboratory Production of Chlorine Gas Mn. O 2 (s) + 2 H 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2 Na. Cl (aq) Mn. SO 4 (aq) + Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2 H 2 O (l) + Cl 2 (g) 29

Chlorine Production by the Chlor-Alkali Process 2 Cl- (aq) 2 Na+ (aq) + 2

Chlorine Production by the Chlor-Alkali Process 2 Cl- (aq) 2 Na+ (aq) + 2 e 2 Na. Cl (aq) Cl 2 (g) + 2 e. Hg (l) 2 Na/Hg (g) + Cl 2 (g) 30

Hydrogen halides Direct preparation can be violent Commercial preparations vary with the halogen Aqueous

Hydrogen halides Direct preparation can be violent Commercial preparations vary with the halogen Aqueous solutions: acidic Oxoacids increasing acidity 31

32

32

Nonmetallic Elements and Their Compounds Chapter 22 1Nonmetallic Elements and Their Compounds Chapter 22 1
Elements Compounds Mixtures Comparing Elements Compounds Mixtures ElementsElements Compounds Mixtures Comparing Elements Compounds Mixtures Elements
Lecture 7 Metallic and nonmetallic elements Metallic elementsLecture 7 Metallic and nonmetallic elements Metallic elements
Elements Compounds and Mixtures Chapter 7 Elements compoundsElements Compounds and Mixtures Chapter 7 Elements compounds
BINARY COMPOUNDS POLYATOMIC COMPOUNDS BINARY COMPOUNDS two elementsBINARY COMPOUNDS POLYATOMIC COMPOUNDS BINARY COMPOUNDS two elements
Elements and Compounds Atomic Theory Elements Compounds andElements and Compounds Atomic Theory Elements Compounds and
Elements Compounds and Periodic Table Elements Compounds andElements Compounds and Periodic Table Elements Compounds and
Elements Compounds and Mixtures Elements and Compounds ElementElements Compounds and Mixtures Elements and Compounds Element
Elements and Compounds Lesson 2 Elements v CompoundsElements and Compounds Lesson 2 Elements v Compounds
Elements Compounds and Mixtures Elements Mixture Compounds ByElements Compounds and Mixtures Elements Mixture Compounds By
Elements vs Compounds Similarities Elements and compounds areElements vs Compounds Similarities Elements and compounds are
Elements and Compounds Elements Compounds Mixtures Explain theElements and Compounds Elements Compounds Mixtures Explain the
Mixtures Elements and Compounds Mixtures elements compounds nMixtures Elements and Compounds Mixtures elements compounds n
Metallic and NonMetallic Elements 04 December 2020 LearningMetallic and NonMetallic Elements 04 December 2020 Learning
Ceramics Mixture of metallic and nonmetallic elements clayCeramics Mixture of metallic and nonmetallic elements clay
Elements and their Properties Elements and Their PropertiesElements and their Properties Elements and Their Properties
The halogens are five nonmetallic elements found inThe halogens are five nonmetallic elements found in
Compound composed of two different nonmetallic elements STEPSCompound composed of two different nonmetallic elements STEPS
Ionic Compounds Chapter 5 Ionic Compounds Ionic compoundsIonic Compounds Chapter 5 Ionic Compounds Ionic compounds
Chapter 7 Compounds and Their Bonds Ionic CompoundsChapter 7 Compounds and Their Bonds Ionic Compounds
Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds Binary Compounds CompoundsWriting Formulas and Naming Compounds Binary Compounds Compounds
Compounds and Mixtures Compounds 23 Compounds Examples ofCompounds and Mixtures Compounds 23 Compounds Examples of
Chemistry 100 Chapter 5 Molecules Compounds Elements CompoundsChemistry 100 Chapter 5 Molecules Compounds Elements Compounds
COMPOUNDS Chapter 5 2 Compounds Made of ElementsCOMPOUNDS Chapter 5 2 Compounds Made of Elements