Liquids and Solids Chapter 10 Solids Liquids and
![Liquids and Solids Chapter 10 Liquids and Solids Chapter 10](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-1.jpg)
![Solids, Liquids, and Gases: A Comparison n The physical state that a substance is Solids, Liquids, and Gases: A Comparison n The physical state that a substance is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-2.jpg)
![Intermolecular Forces Section 10. 1 n The physical properties of liquids are largely dominated Intermolecular Forces Section 10. 1 n The physical properties of liquids are largely dominated](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-3.jpg)
![Ion-Ion Interactions n Strongest interaction ¨ Most often are found in ionic solids (very Ion-Ion Interactions n Strongest interaction ¨ Most often are found in ionic solids (very](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-4.jpg)
![Ion-Dipole Forces n Ion-dipole forces exist between an ion with a full charge and Ion-Dipole Forces n Ion-dipole forces exist between an ion with a full charge and](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-5.jpg)
![Dipole-dipole Forces n Similar to ion-dipole, but involves the alignment of dipoles of two Dipole-dipole Forces n Similar to ion-dipole, but involves the alignment of dipoles of two](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-6.jpg)
![H-Bonding (Special Case of Dipole Interaction) n For a H-bond to form the following H-Bonding (Special Case of Dipole Interaction) n For a H-bond to form the following](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-7.jpg)
![London Dispersion Forces London dispersion forces exist for every single molecule (both polar and London Dispersion Forces London dispersion forces exist for every single molecule (both polar and](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-8.jpg)
![Polarizability n The polarizability of a molecule describes the extent to which the electron Polarizability n The polarizability of a molecule describes the extent to which the electron](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-9.jpg)
![Predicting Boiling Points Using IMFs Identify the intermolecular forces and predict which substance of Predicting Boiling Points Using IMFs Identify the intermolecular forces and predict which substance of](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-10.jpg)
![Vapor Pressure and Changes of State-Section 10. 8 n As the individual particles of Vapor Pressure and Changes of State-Section 10. 8 n As the individual particles of](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-11.jpg)
![Heat of Fusion and Heat of Vaporization n Heat of fusion, Hfus, is the Heat of Fusion and Heat of Vaporization n Heat of fusion, Hfus, is the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-12.jpg)
![Comparison What can be said about the intermolecular forces for each of the compounds Comparison What can be said about the intermolecular forces for each of the compounds](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-13.jpg)
![Heat of Sublimation n On rare occasions compounds will change directly from a solid Heat of Sublimation n On rare occasions compounds will change directly from a solid](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-14.jpg)
![Heating Curves n Heating curve for H 2 O Heating Curves n Heating curve for H 2 O](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-15.jpg)
![Enthalpy Changes Associated with Phase Changes Calculate the enthalpy change upon converting 2. 30 Enthalpy Changes Associated with Phase Changes Calculate the enthalpy change upon converting 2. 30](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-16.jpg)
![Vapor Pressure n n The vapor pressure of a liquid is the result of Vapor Pressure n n The vapor pressure of a liquid is the result of](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-17.jpg)
![Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point n A liquid will begin to boil when it’s Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point n A liquid will begin to boil when it’s](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-18.jpg)
![An Introduction to Structures and Types of Solids--Section 11. 7 n Solids can be An Introduction to Structures and Types of Solids--Section 11. 7 n Solids can be](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-19.jpg)
![Amorphous vs. Crystalline -- Very organized, repeating structure Amorphous -- Covalently bound, but not Amorphous vs. Crystalline -- Very organized, repeating structure Amorphous -- Covalently bound, but not](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-20.jpg)
![Bonding in Solids Section 11. 8 n Solids can be further classified by the Bonding in Solids Section 11. 8 n Solids can be further classified by the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-21.jpg)
![Types of Solids n Molecular Solids Forces at work: London dispersion, dipole-dipole, H-bonding ¨ Types of Solids n Molecular Solids Forces at work: London dispersion, dipole-dipole, H-bonding ¨](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-22.jpg)
![Types of Solids (cont. ) n Ionic Solids ¨ Made up of ionic compounds Types of Solids (cont. ) n Ionic Solids ¨ Made up of ionic compounds](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-23.jpg)
![Structure and Bonding in Metals Section 10. 4 n Metallic bonds are more than Structure and Bonding in Metals Section 10. 4 n Metallic bonds are more than](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-24.jpg)
- Slides: 24
![Liquids and Solids Chapter 10 Liquids and Solids Chapter 10](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-1.jpg)
Liquids and Solids Chapter 10
![Solids Liquids and Gases A Comparison n The physical state that a substance is Solids, Liquids, and Gases: A Comparison n The physical state that a substance is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-2.jpg)
Solids, Liquids, and Gases: A Comparison n The physical state that a substance is most directly influenced by the amount of kinetic energy present in the substance
![Intermolecular Forces Section 10 1 n The physical properties of liquids are largely dominated Intermolecular Forces Section 10. 1 n The physical properties of liquids are largely dominated](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-3.jpg)
Intermolecular Forces Section 10. 1 n The physical properties of liquids are largely dominated by the effects of intermolecular forces ¨ Vapor pressure ¨ Boiling point ¨ Melting point ¨ Surface Tension ¨ Capillary Action
![IonIon Interactions n Strongest interaction Most often are found in ionic solids very Ion-Ion Interactions n Strongest interaction ¨ Most often are found in ionic solids (very](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-4.jpg)
Ion-Ion Interactions n Strongest interaction ¨ Most often are found in ionic solids (very few ionic liquids) ¨ Strongest because it involves a full negative and positive charge (not partial)
![IonDipole Forces n Iondipole forces exist between an ion with a full charge and Ion-Dipole Forces n Ion-dipole forces exist between an ion with a full charge and](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-5.jpg)
Ion-Dipole Forces n Ion-dipole forces exist between an ion with a full charge and the oppositely charged end of a dipole on a different molecule
![Dipoledipole Forces n Similar to iondipole but involves the alignment of dipoles of two Dipole-dipole Forces n Similar to ion-dipole, but involves the alignment of dipoles of two](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-6.jpg)
Dipole-dipole Forces n Similar to ion-dipole, but involves the alignment of dipoles of two different polar compounds ¨ The strength of dipole-dipole interactions increases as the strength of the bond dipoles increase
![HBonding Special Case of Dipole Interaction n For a Hbond to form the following H-Bonding (Special Case of Dipole Interaction) n For a H-bond to form the following](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-7.jpg)
H-Bonding (Special Case of Dipole Interaction) n For a H-bond to form the following two criteria must be met: ¨A covalent bond containing hydrogen must exist (N-H, O-H, or F-H bond) n ¨A n H-bond donor lone pair of electrons must exist H-bond acceptor
![London Dispersion Forces London dispersion forces exist for every single molecule both polar and London Dispersion Forces London dispersion forces exist for every single molecule (both polar and](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-8.jpg)
London Dispersion Forces London dispersion forces exist for every single molecule (both polar and nonpolar) n They are the only intermolecular force present for nonpolar molecules or atoms, however n Strength of dispersion forces depends on the polarizability of the atom or molecule n
![Polarizability n The polarizability of a molecule describes the extent to which the electron Polarizability n The polarizability of a molecule describes the extent to which the electron](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-9.jpg)
Polarizability n The polarizability of a molecule describes the extent to which the electron distribution can be altered creating an instantaneous dipole ¨ As a result, large atoms or molecules tend to have stronger dispersion forces than smaller
![Predicting Boiling Points Using IMFs Identify the intermolecular forces and predict which substance of Predicting Boiling Points Using IMFs Identify the intermolecular forces and predict which substance of](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-10.jpg)
Predicting Boiling Points Using IMFs Identify the intermolecular forces and predict which substance of each pair has the stronger force of attraction. n CF 4 and CCl 4 n CH 3 OH and CHCl 3 n Cl. F and Br. F
![Vapor Pressure and Changes of StateSection 10 8 n As the individual particles of Vapor Pressure and Changes of State-Section 10. 8 n As the individual particles of](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-11.jpg)
Vapor Pressure and Changes of State-Section 10. 8 n As the individual particles of a solid, liquid, or gas gain or lose kinetic energy, they may go through a series of phase changes
![Heat of Fusion and Heat of Vaporization n Heat of fusion Hfus is the Heat of Fusion and Heat of Vaporization n Heat of fusion, Hfus, is the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-12.jpg)
Heat of Fusion and Heat of Vaporization n Heat of fusion, Hfus, is the amount of energy required to convert a solid into a liquid (melt) ¨ Ex: n H 2 O (s) H 2 O (l) Hfus = 6. 01 k. J/mol Heat of vaporization, Hvap, refers to the energy required to convert a liquid into a gas or vapor ¨ Ex: H 2 O (l) H 2 O (g) Hvap = 40. 7 k. J/mol
![Comparison What can be said about the intermolecular forces for each of the compounds Comparison What can be said about the intermolecular forces for each of the compounds](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-13.jpg)
Comparison What can be said about the intermolecular forces for each of the compounds shown here?
![Heat of Sublimation n On rare occasions compounds will change directly from a solid Heat of Sublimation n On rare occasions compounds will change directly from a solid](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-14.jpg)
Heat of Sublimation n On rare occasions compounds will change directly from a solid into a gas ¨ Ex: n CO 2 (dry ice) and I 2 Heat of sublimation, Hsub is therefore the sum of Hfus and Hvap ¨ Ex: CO 2 (s) k. J/mol CO 2 (g) Hsub = 25. 2
![Heating Curves n Heating curve for H 2 O Heating Curves n Heating curve for H 2 O](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-15.jpg)
Heating Curves n Heating curve for H 2 O
![Enthalpy Changes Associated with Phase Changes Calculate the enthalpy change upon converting 2 30 Enthalpy Changes Associated with Phase Changes Calculate the enthalpy change upon converting 2. 30](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-16.jpg)
Enthalpy Changes Associated with Phase Changes Calculate the enthalpy change upon converting 2. 30 mol of ice at -25 C to water vapor steam at 125 C under a constant pressure of 1 atm. The specific heats of ice, water, and steam are 2. 03 J/g-K, 4. 18 J/g-K, and 1. 84 J/g-K, respectively. For H 2 O, Hfus = 6. 01 k. J/mol and Hvap = 40. 67 k. J/mol.
![Vapor Pressure n n The vapor pressure of a liquid is the result of Vapor Pressure n n The vapor pressure of a liquid is the result of](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-17.jpg)
Vapor Pressure n n The vapor pressure of a liquid is the result of a dynamic equilibrium between the liquid and gas phases of that liquid Substances with very high vapor pressures are said to be very volatile ¨ Ex:
![Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point n A liquid will begin to boil when its Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point n A liquid will begin to boil when it’s](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-18.jpg)
Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point n A liquid will begin to boil when it’s vapor pressure equals the external pressure acting on the surface of the liquid ¨ n Boiling point can be altered by a change in pressure (this is why some cooking directions include high altitude directions) The boiling point of a liquid at 1 atm (760 torr) is referred to as the normal boiling point
![An Introduction to Structures and Types of SolidsSection 11 7 n Solids can be An Introduction to Structures and Types of Solids--Section 11. 7 n Solids can be](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-19.jpg)
An Introduction to Structures and Types of Solids--Section 11. 7 n Solids can be categorized based on two criteria: ¨ Structure Crystalline solid n Amorphous solid n ¨ Type of bonding Covalent-network n Ionic n Metallic n Molecular n
![Amorphous vs Crystalline Very organized repeating structure Amorphous Covalently bound but not Amorphous vs. Crystalline -- Very organized, repeating structure Amorphous -- Covalently bound, but not](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-20.jpg)
Amorphous vs. Crystalline -- Very organized, repeating structure Amorphous -- Covalently bound, but not as organized
![Bonding in Solids Section 11 8 n Solids can be further classified by the Bonding in Solids Section 11. 8 n Solids can be further classified by the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-21.jpg)
Bonding in Solids Section 11. 8 n Solids can be further classified by the types of intermolecular forces at work in the sample ¨ Molecular ¨ Covalent-network ¨ Ionic ¨ Metallic
![Types of Solids n Molecular Solids Forces at work London dispersion dipoledipole Hbonding Types of Solids n Molecular Solids Forces at work: London dispersion, dipole-dipole, H-bonding ¨](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-22.jpg)
Types of Solids n Molecular Solids Forces at work: London dispersion, dipole-dipole, H-bonding ¨ Ex: Ar, CH 4, CO 2(s), etc ¨ n Covalent-Network Solids Forces at work: Covalent bonds ¨ Essentially one gigantic molecule ¨ Ex: Diamond, Si. O 2 (quartz) ¨ Covalent-Network solids
![Types of Solids cont n Ionic Solids Made up of ionic compounds Types of Solids (cont. ) n Ionic Solids ¨ Made up of ionic compounds](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-23.jpg)
Types of Solids (cont. ) n Ionic Solids ¨ Made up of ionic compounds ¨ Forces at work: Ion-ion n Metallic Solids ¨ Made up of metallic elements ¨ Forces at work: Metallic bonds
![Structure and Bonding in Metals Section 10 4 n Metallic bonds are more than Structure and Bonding in Metals Section 10. 4 n Metallic bonds are more than](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/43d8185aa344710e93a89b9c661a3586/image-24.jpg)
Structure and Bonding in Metals Section 10. 4 n Metallic bonds are more than simply dispersion forces between atoms of metals ¨ n Much stronger than that The bonding is best described as the valence electrons spread out over the entire sample of metal ¨ Sea of electrons
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