Geography Chapter 11 12 Chapter 11 1 1

Geography Chapter 11 & 12 • Chapter 11. 1. 1; 11. 1. 2; 11. 1. 3; 11. 1. 5; 11. 2. 5 • Chapter 12. 1. 1; 12. 2. 1 1

Russia and The Eurasian Republics Map • Label the countries. • Label: Caspian Sea; Sea of Japan; Sea of Okhotsk; Bering Sea; Arctic Ocean • Label Ural Mountains and color red. • Label the Central Siberian Plateau and color yellow. • Label the Kamchatka Peninsula; find two (2) more peninsulas and label them. • Label the Central Russian Upland; West Siberian Plain Color them green. • Label the Caspian Depression color it purple. 2

11 -1. 1 Pages 310 -311 3

• 1) 11 -1. 1 As you read 310 -311 describe the physical geography of Russia; Write answers in complete sentences. • A. Landforms • B. Bodies of Water • C. Population 4

Russia is the largest country in the world; one-sixth of earth’s surface. 5

Landforms: Plains; North European, West Siberian: Mountains: Caucasus, Urals: Plateaus: Central Siberian. 6

Coastlines: Pacific, Caspian, Black, Artic, Baltic. 7

Population: majority lives in west. 8

The Ural Mountains separates the Northern European Plain from the West Siberian Plain. 9

Russia has few ports because iceblocked coastline. 10

Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia are located in the Caucasus Mountains. 11

Steppes are very large plains, mostly used for agriculture and grazing. 12

The countries of Central Asia are named for their largest ethnic group. 13

The mountains and deserts of central Asia keep Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan isolated from other countries. 14

• 11. 1. 1 Landforms Bodies of Water Population Plains Oceans Mountains Seas Steppes Plateaus deserts rivers lakes Population is denser in the west and southwest Population is limited in higher elevations and desert • • Summary: Russia and the Eurasian republics cover about one-sixth of the land surface of the entire earth and contain a variety of geographic features. The region’s size and geography have limited population. 15

11 -1. 2 Pages 312 -313 16

• 2) 11 -1. 2 As you read 312 -313 give a summary of about the extreme climates in Russia; Write answers in complete sentences. • A. Temperature • B. Latitudes • D. Moisture Levels 17

High latitudes and arctic winds give northern Russia a cold climate. 18

Tundra is the flat land found in arctic and subarctic regions. 19

Permafrost is ground that is always frozen, which makes it difficult to drill and build mines this keeps Russia from obtaining some of its minerals. 20

Trees do not grow in the far northern part of Russia because the permafrost prevents their roots from pushing deep. 21

Scientists think climate change might be causing Siberia’s permafrost to thaw. 22

• 11. 1. 2 • Temperature: Permanently frozen or up to 100° F. • Latitudes: Most of the region is high latitudes: artic winds, little daylight; a lot of snow • Moisture level: Dry and arid to humid and temperate; no dry season to cold polar: tundra and ice. • Climate Regions: The region is a land of extreme climates. • Russia and the Eurasian republics region has a vast expanse of permafrost at one extreme and large areas of high desert temperatures at the other. Winters are cold and dark in the northern latitudes and much of land is not protected from artic winds. This climate makes agriculture impossible. In the arid regions to the south, the harsh heat also prevents agriculture. People can farm in the western plains and steppes. 23

11 -1. 3 Pages 214 -215 24

• 3) 11 -1. 3 As you read 314 -315 give details about Russia’s resources: Write answers in complete sentences. • A. Energy • B. Mineral • C. Other. 25

Russian Energy Resources Coal, Oil, Natural Gas. 26

Russian Mineral Resources Iron, Aluminum, Gold. 27

Other Russian Recourses are Fish and Forest Products. 28

Taiga is a forested area south of the tundra. 29

Russia's hydroelectric plants use water power to generate electricity. 30

Peat is the name for very old decayed plant material burned as fuel. 31

Energy Coal: the map show that coal is mined in southern Russia and Kazakhstan Oil: Russia is a leading producer of oil. Minerals Iron: Iron is a metallic ore Other Fish: Fish are shown in the map for the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Aluminum: Forest Products: Aluminum is also a The forest product metallic ore used in symbol is on the industrial map in southern development. Russia. Natural gas: Gold, copper, or Diamonds: Eastern Natural gas is a any of the metallic Siberia has the nonrenewable fuel. ores listed in world’s largest section: Gold is a diamond pit mine. metallic ore. Copper and other ores were found in Afghanistan. Peat: Russia has large amounts of peat, which is burned like coal. 32

• 11 -1. 5 • Pages 318 -319 33

• 1) 11 -1. 5 As you read 318 -319 compare and contrast Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan; Write answers in complete sentences. • A. Kazakhstan • B. Uzbekistan • C. Both Summary: 34

The Aral Sea has shrank to a fraction of its former size because of irrigation since 1960. 35

Kazakhstan built a dam to save the Aral Sea. Central Asian Country Semiarid or Arid (dry) livestock Gazing irrigation 36

Uzbekistan South Aral Sea is nearly gone. Central Asian Country Semiarid or Arid (dry) livestock Gazing irrigation 37

11 -2. 5 Pages 328 -329 38

• 2) 11 -2. 5 As you read 328 -329 give three details of the Soviet Union’s rise and fall; Write answers in complete sentences. • A. Stalin • B. Cold War • C. Gorbachev 39

Republics came under control of Moscow and the Soviet Union. 40

11. 2. 5 The Soviet Union • Bolsheviks led the Russian Revolution believed that a communist form of government and a socialist economic system were the answers to the problems of the industrial Revolution • Communism: a single political party that controls the government and economy. • Socialism is a system in which the government controls economic resources. 41

Josef Stalin ruled as a total dictator of the Soviet Union from 1927 to 1953. 42

The government decided which crops to grow on the collective farms of the Soviet Union. 43

Factories were also run collectively. Collectives are planning the future economic development of the country. 44

The Cold War was a period of tension and conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States, in which the two nations did not fight each other directly. 45

Mikhail Gorbachev tried to reform the Soviet economy and government. 46

Glasnost was a political reform (encouraged free speech), and perestroika was an economic reform (focused on restructuring) 47

The reforms Gorbachev unleashed pentup emotions about the economy and government. 48

The Soviet Union collapse in 1991. 49

• 2. 11 -2. 5 As you read 328 -329 design a web to make generalizations about the Soviet Union. Have at least 4 Important facts. The Soviet Union controlled the region form 1922 until 1991. 50

Something extra Chapter 11 • Scientist are concerned about the possible release of methane into the atmosphere from Siberia contributes to global warming. • As Mongol rule weakened Moscow gained power. 51

12 -1. 1 Pages 334 -335 52

• 1) 12 -1. 1 As you read 334 -335 describe the climate and cultures of Russia. Write answers in complete sentences. • A. D. • B. E. • C. F. 53

Siberian nomads move from place to find food according to the season, 30 different peoples, live in tundra and taiga. 54

Food, clothing, and shelter are parts of people’s culture does climate affect. Russian nomads get their food and clothing from the animals they herd (reindeer). 55

Many of the people in Central Asia are livestock herders (sheep, camels, cattle, horses). 56

Many herders now live in rural villages in mud brick homes. 57

Rich soil and moderate climate promotes farming on the steppes. 58

Peasants farmed lived in small villages later worked for landlords and became serfs. 59

Russian peasant farmers work for corporations or individuals who own farms today. 60

12 -2. 1 Pages 340 -341 61

• 2) 12 -2. 1 As you read 340 -341 list causes and effects of the collapse of the Soviet Union. Write answers in complete sentences. • A. D. • B. E. • C. F. 62

The major causes of the Soviet Union’s decline in the 1970 s and 1980 s was economic problems and shortages 63

One of Mikhail Gorbachev’s ideas for reform was to reduce government control of economy (Perestroika and Glasnost). 64

Gorbachev's new policy of openness result in protests for freedom. 65

The Soviet Communist attempted a coup against Gorbachev. 66

The fall of the Berlin Wall made Communists lose control of Eastern Europe. 67

Mikhail Gorbachev knew he had lost his power so he resign as president of the Soviet Union in 1991. 68

One cause of the collapse of the Soviet Union was the separate republics wanted independence. 69

After the Soviet Union’s collapse in 1991, their republics became independent countries. 70

Economic problems: large gap between rich and poor; increased corruption and organized crime, 71

unemployment; ethnic groups still want independence still exist in Russia years after the Soviet Union’s collapse. 72

Chechnya wants to gain independence from Russia. 73

Something Extra Chapter 12 • The Trans-Siberian Railroad was built by peasants, convicts, and soldiers. • The Trans-Siberian Railroad is about 6, 000 miles long. • Much of the oil from the Caspian Sea is transported to other countries by pipelines. 74

Geography Review Copy questions and underline answers. 75

• __________ are very large plains. 311 76

• The ___________ divide European Russia from Asian Russia. 311 77

• The mountains and deserts of central Asia keep __________ and _________ isolated from other countries. 311 78

• The ___________ separates the Northern European Plain from the West Siberian Plain. 311 79

• __________ is the largest country in the world. 311 80

• Scientists think ___________ might be causing Siberia’s permafrost to thaw. 312 81

• ___________ is the name for very old decayed plant material burned as fuel. 314 82

• ___________ makes it difficult to drill and build mines this keeps Russia from obtaining some of its minerals. 312 83

• __________ is a forested area south of the tundra. 313 • 84

• Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia located in the ____________. 311 85

• The countries of Central Asia named for their largest __________. 311 86

• The __________ are mostly used for agriculture and grazing. 311 87

• _________ is the flat land found in arctic and subarctic regions. 312 88

• __________ ground that is always frozen. 312 89

• Russia has few ports because ________ coastline. 311 90

• __________ and ________ give northern Russia have such a cold climate. 312 91

• Trees do not grow in the far northern part of Russia because the _________ prevents their roots from pushing deep. 312 92

• Russia's ____________ plants use water power to generate electricity. 314 93

• _________ caused the Aral Sea to shrink. 318 94

• Moscow gained power as _________ rule weakened. 321 95

• The _______ destroyed the city of Kiev. 320 96

• The __________ has shrunk greatly because of water loss from irrigation. 318 97

• Russians called their monarch _______. 321 98

• Trade goods and ideas traveled thousands of miles along the __________. 320 • 99

• Livestock grazing is the best economic activity suited to the arid regions of ___________. 318 100

• The __________ has shrank to a fraction of its former size because of irrigation since 1960. 320 101

• Most people in Russia live in ________. 322 102

• _________ were the ethnic group built towns in early Russia. 320 103

• Scientists are concerned about the possible release of ________ into the atmosphere from Siberia because It can contribute to global warming. 317 104

• __________ is the main religion of Central Asia. 321 105

• _____ best describes the climate of much of Central Asia. 318 106

• __________ is a greenhouse gas scientists suspect is being released from Siberian lakes. 319 107

• The best description of _________ is one political party controls the government and economy. 328 108

• Because of the ____________ the czar was overthrown, and a communist government was formed. 326 109

• A _________ government was established after the Russian Revolution. 326 110

• ___________ ruled as a total dictator of the Soviet Union from 1927 to 1953. 328 111

• The ___________ was a period of tension and conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States, in which the two nations did not fight each other directly. 328 112

• The ____________ decided which crops to grow on the collective farms of the Soviet Union. 328 113

• Cold winter is a geographic characteristic of Russia helped defeat _________. 324 114

• ___________ became the main religion of European Russia in the 900 s. 322 115

• __________ free the serfs to work in industry. 326 116

• __________ repeated Napoleon’s mistake by invading Russia in winter during World War II. 325 117

• The _________ were a political group that began the Russian Revolution. 326 118

• _________ tried to make Russia more Western. 322 119

• The Russians adopted the scorched earth policy when ________ invaded. 325 120

• • • • • ______________ tried to reform the Soviet economy and government. 329 The Soviet Union collapse in _________. 329 _________ was a political reform, and __________ was an economic reform. 329 The reforms ____________ unleashed pent-up emotions about the economy and government. 329 Russian ________ get their food and clothing from the animals they herd. 334 Food, clothing, and shelter are parts of people’s culture _________ does affect. 334 Many of the people in ___________ are livestock herders. 334 Rich soil and moderate climate promotes farming on the _________. 334 Siberian ___________ move from place to find food according to the season. 334 Russian ___________ farmers work for corporations or individuals who own farms today. 334 ___________ and ___________ made laying the Trans-Siberian Railroad track so difficult. 336 The _____________ Railroad is the world’s longest railroad. 336 It took _____ years to build the Trans-Siberian Railroad. 336 _____________ goals for St. Petersburg are similar to those of Peter the Great, Putin wanted the city to be a center for diplomacy and a link to the West, much as Peter the Great did. 336 Peasants, convicts and soldiers built the _______________. 336 The Trans-Siberian Railroad moved ______________ people to Siberia. 336 The Trans-Siberian Railroad is __________ miles long. 336 Russian train tracks are wider than _________ and __________ tracks. 336 The Trans-Siberian Railroad links _________ to __________ for trade this helps the world economy. 336 121

• • • • • ____________ is known as a cultural center because of its museums, universities, theaters and music. 338 Peter the Great build St. Petersburg near the _________ and Europe. 338 In 2003, _________ want St. Petersburg to become center for world diplomacy. 338 The major causes of the Soviet Union’s decline in the 1970 s and 1980 s was __________ and _________. 340 _________ knew he had lost his power so he resign as president of the Soviet Union in 1991. 340 ________ new policy of openness result in protests for freedom. 340 One of _____________ ideas for reform was to reduce government control of economy. 340 _________ wants to gain independence from Russia. 341 The fall of the ____________ made Communists lose control of Eastern Europe. 341 After the ______________ collapse in 1991, their republics became independent countries. 341 One cause of the collapse of the ____________ was the separate republics wanted independence. 341 _________ and ___________ leaders are elected today in Russia. 342 The ___________ and __________ hold most of the power in Russia today. 342 The Russian Government has __________ of government. 342 Everyone _______ and older can vote in Russia. 342 Russia’s constitution of 1993 set up a __________. 342 The __________ is most like Russia’s Federal Assembly. 342 122

• Most of Russia’s oil come from ___________. 344 • Russia export natural gas and oil through _________. 344 • ____ and ________ are Russia’s greatest sources of wealth. 344 • Oil and gas is found the area near the __________ so valuable. 344 • Much of the oil from the ____________ transported to other countries by pipelines. 344 • _________ learn to use more advanced nuclear technology from Chernobyl. 347 • A nuclear reactor exploded at _________. 347 • _______________ from Chernobyl still affect the area, because it takes so long to disappear. 347 • After the disaster at Chernobyl wind pushed a radioactive cloud to _____________. 347 123