Chapter 2 Studying Geography Economics and Citizenship Lesson

Chapter 2 Studying Geography, Economics, and Citizenship

Lesson 1 Studying Geography

Displaying the Earth’s Surface • The earth is shaped as a globe. • A globe is a spherical scale model. • Best shows sizes of continents, shapes of lanmasses, and bodies of water. • Maps • Flat drawings of all or parts of Earth’s surfaces. • Similar features • Imaginary lines that divide into hemispheres

Hemispheres • Equator is the middle line; circles the middle of the earth like a belt • North Hemisphere • South Hemisphere • Prime Meridian • East Hemisphere • West Hemisphere

Finding Places on Earth • Latitude and Longitude form a grid system • Latitude is parallel to the Equator • Measure distance North to South • Longitude is parallel to the Prime Meridian • Measure distance East to West

Five Themes and Six Essential Elements of Geography • Five Themes • • • Location Place Human-Environment Interaction Movement Regions

Five Themes and Six Essential Elements of Geography • Six Essential Elements • • • The World in Spatial Terms Places and Regions Physical Systems Human Systems Environment and Society The Uses of Geography

Type of Maps • Physical Maps • Show land water • Color include brown/green for lands; blue for water • Show elevation • Political Maps • Show names and borders of countries • Location of cities and human-made features • Major physical features of land area • Special-Purpose Maps • Specific kinds of information

Reading Maps • Symbols- signs or picture used on a map • Scale- measuring line that tells the distances between places on a map • Cardinal Directions (N-S-E-W)

Using Charts, Graphs, and Diagrams • Tools that show information • Title give the subject • Different kinds • Bar graphs, pie graphs, line graphs, diagrams • Climate bar graph or Climograph shows long-term weather pattern

Population and Culture • Population • Choropleth- uses colors to show population density • Migration • Culture- set of beliefs, behaviors, and traits • Language, religion, government, customs

Lesson 2 Exploring Economics

What is Economics? • What goods and services should we offer? • How should we create and distribute thee goods and services? • Who will use these good and services?

What is Economics? • Resources and production • Four kinds of resources: land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship • • Land- natural resources Labor-Ability to do work Capital- money and goods use to help people make or do things Entrepreneurship- running a business and taking on riks

Supply and Demand • First get good or service that is needed. Then, figure out how much of that good or service to offer. • Supply: amount of good a producer wants to sell • Demand: amount consumer wants to buy • The law of demand says that the lower the price of a good or service, the more of it people will want to buy. • Textbook p. 39

Things that affect supply and demand. . . • Scarcity • Opportunity cost- what you give up to make it or buy it

Managing and Measuring Economies • Economic Systems • Traditional Economy • Based on custom • Children do same job as parent • Command Economy • Central gov’t decides what goods will be made and by who • Market Economy • Each person makes choices about what to make, sell, and buy

Managing and Measuring Economies • Economies grow and shrink over time a. k. a. the business cycle • Recession: economy rises slowly • Inflation: rising prices; money buys less

Trade in World History • Why do people trade? When both sides can benefit. • Exports • Imports • Early civilizations often trade by bartering • Goods and services are traded for other goods and services

Trade in World History • Barriers to Trade • • Conflict Geography Communication Production in own country • Global Trade • Globalization: international trade

Lesson 3 Practicing Citizenship

Principles of Goverment • • U. S. Constitution Representative government: citizens elect gov’t officials Federal system: divides powers between central and state gov’t Separation of powers: divided among branches (legislative, executive, judicial) • Checks and balances

What is Citizenship? • Civic participation refer to the duties and responsibilities of all citizens. • Comes from ancient Greece and Rome • As citizens we have certain right such as freedom of expression and the right to vote

Duties and Responsibilities • • Obey all federal, state, and local laws Pay federal, state, and local taxes Serve on a jury People born in other countries can become citizen Stay informed about important issues and topics Respect views and rights of others Take part in local community

Being a Global Citizen • Learn about the different issues that affect the world as a whole • • Other’s way of life Political hardships Hunger For example- Syrian immigrants • How can you make the world a better place?