Cultural Geography of Europe Chapter 12 Section 1

Cultural Geography of Europe Chapter 12, Section 1: Northern Europe

Important Vocabulary • Immigrant: one that moves from one country to another. • Refugee: people who flee to another country for safety. • Middle Ages: period between ancient and modern times – 500 to 1500 AD. • Feudalism: a system in which monarchs or lords gave land to nobles in return for pledges of loyalty. • Reformation: a religious movement in the 1500 s that lessened the power of the Roman Catholic Church and introduced Protestantism to Europe.

Vocabulary (Cont’d) • Enlightenment: a movement to value reason and question tradition. • Industrial Revolution: transformed manufacturing by replacing human labor with machines. • Industrial Capitalism: an economic system in which owners used profits to expand their business. • Communism: a belief calling for economic equality and ownership of resources by the workers.

Vocabulary (Cont’d) • Cold War: a power struggle between the Soviet-controlled communist world and the American-led non-communist world. • European Union: a union which’s goal is to allow goods, services, and workers to move freely among its member nations. • Welfare State: a country that offers complete social welfare programs to its citizens. • Romanticism: a focus on emotions and the struggles of individuals.

Map of Northern Europe

The People • Swedes, Norwegians, and Danes have their own countries and languages, but share a Germanic heritage. • The United Kingdom consists of: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. • The British Isles were inhabited by Celtic peoples 2, 500 to 3, 000 years ago. Later followed by the Romans, Anglo. Saxons, and the Normans. • As of 2012, 61. 8 million people live in the United Kingdom.

Early Northern Europe • The Romans added Britain to its empire in 43 AD. • Rome abandoned Britain in the 400 s. • Germanic Angles and Saxons invaded. • The Normans (French) conquered Britain in 1066.

The Modern Era • Feudalism established. • German monk Martin Luther posted his 95 theses in 1517, erupting Protestant Reformation. • Enlightenment led to Glorious Revolution in England in 1688, power to Parliament.

The th 19 and th 20 Century • The Industrial Revolution transformed labor. • Industrial capitalism created. • Rise of Communism. • The World Wars left Europe in ruins. • 1945 -1991: The Cold War.

Culture • English, Swedish, Finnish, and Norwegian. • The region is predominately Protestant. • Highly educated area, literacy rate is near 100%. • English writings have shaped the world (William Shakespeare). • Danish artistic tradition: Hans Christian Anderson’s fairy tales. • Soccer, cricket, and hockey are popular sports.

Cultural Geography of Europe Chapter 12, Section 2: Western Europe

Important Vocabulary • Guest Worker: foreigners who work on a temporary basis in a country other than ones in which they are citizens. • Crusades: a series of religious wars (1, 000 s AD) to win Palestine (Israel) from Muslim control. • Reparations: payments for war damages. Ex: Germany after World War I. • Holocaust: the mass-murder of over 6 million Jews. • Realism: accurately depicting the details of everyday life. • Impressionist: one who makes impressions of the natural world.

Map of Western Europe

The People • Germany’s population is 82 million. Most populous in Europe. • Migration has been to urban areas. • Many guest workers in Germany and Belgium since World War II. • Paris: France’s capital and Western Europe’s cultural and economic center. • Brussels: Belgium’s capital and the European Union’s administrative center. • Amsterdam: Holland’s capital and known for its arts, global trade, and tolerance.

Antiquity • Basque, Celtic, and Frisian peoples were early inhabitants. • Caesar conquered Gaul in 52 BC. • Roman Empire fell in 476. • The Franks then came and adopted Christianity.

The Middle Ages • Frankish ruler Charlemagne (768 -814) brought feudalism. • The Holy Roman Empire (962 -1806): power struggles and corruption. • During the 1400 s, the Renaissance spread Greco. Roman cultures.

The Modern Era • The Reformation had some support. • France emerged as a power from the Thirty Years’ War (1618 -1648). • The French Revolution in 1789. Enlightenment ideals. • Prussia became powerful during the mid-1800 s. • German unification in 1871.

The World Wars • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led to WWI in 1914. • Allies victorious in 1918. Germany assigned blame. • Nazi Germany invasion of Poland in 1939 started WWII. • Nazis defeated in 1945.

Cold War & European Union • Germany divided after WWII. • Berlin Wall fell in 1989. • Germany unified in 1990. • Co-operation of Western European nations led to the European Union in the 1990 s.

Culture • Western Europeans have pioneered the arts, education, and music. • The main languages in this region are French, German, and Dutch. • The majority are Roman Catholic. • The literary rate in the region is 98 -100%. Compulsory education. • Government-funded welfare and healthcare systems. • Living standards are high. • Declining birthrates and an aging population. • Popular activities: soccer, tennis, traveling, walking, and hiking.

Influential Sports Figures Switzerland’s Roger Federer Belgium’s Eden Hazard

Cultural Geography of Europe Chapter 12, Section 3: Southern Europe

Important Vocabulary • City-State: separate communities linked by language and culture. Ex: Ancient Greece – Athens and Sparta. • Renaissance: a period of Europe’s artistic and intellectual achievement. Began in 1300 s Italy.

Map of Southern Europe

The People • Greeks trace their roots to Minoans and Mycenaeans. Athens: Greek capital and center of ancient civilization. • Italians are descendants from ancient Etruscans, the Romans, and other groups. • Italy’s population is 60. 3 million people. Rome: Italian capital and popular tourism and commercial center. • Milan: Italy’s leading financial and commercial center. Venice: known for its beautiful canals. • Vatican City is located in Rome. Home of the Roman Catholic Church.

The People (Cont’d) • Spain’s descendants are ancient Iberians and Catalans. • Madrid: Spanish capital and artistic and financial center. • Portugal’s capital is Lisbon. • Millions of Southern Europeans immigrated to the Americas. • Many people are moving to urban areas.

Ancient Greece • Height of Ancient Greek civilization: 400300 BC. • Athens – introduced democracy. • Sparta – art of discipline and warfare.

Ancient Rome • The Roman Republic (509 -27 BC). • The Roman Empire (27 BC-476 AD). Adopted Christianity. • Germanic forces sacked Rome. • Eastern half survived as the Byzantine Empire until 1453. Its capital was Constantinople.

The Roman Empire

Post-Rome • Renaissance began in Italy in 1300 s, sparking artistic and intellectual achievements. • Italian city-states were rich and vibrant: Venice, Florence, Pisa, Genoa, and Milan.

The th 19 & Early th 20 Century • Italian unification in 1861. • Greece gained its independence from Ottoman Empire in 1821. • Both nations were damaged from the World Wars.

European Union • Greece experienced military coups and a military dictatorship from 1967 to 1974. • Italy and Greece are EU members. • Both have democraticallyelected gov’ts.

Culture • Ancient Greek and Roman architectural developments. • The world’s greatest arts from Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo. • The main languages are Italian, Spanish, Portuguese; Greek. • The majority are Roman Catholic. Greeks are Eastern Orthodox.

Culture (Cont’d) • The literary rate is 95%. • Government-funded welfare and healthcare systems. Effectiveness varies. • Popular activities: soccer, basketball, bullfighting, and family celebrations.

Cultural Geography of Europe Chapter 12, Section 4: Eastern Europe

Important Vocabulary • Balkanization: the division of a region into smaller regions that are often hostile with each other. • Ethnic Cleansing: the expelling or killing of rival ethnic groups.

Map of Eastern Europe

The People • Most Eastern Europeans are ethnically Slavic. Slavs are decedents from Indo-Europeans who migrated from Asia. • East Slavs: Ukrainians, Russians, and Belarusians. • West Slavs: Poles, Czechs, and Slovaks. • South Slavs: Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, and Macedonians. • Former Yugoslavia: Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, and Kosovo.

The People (Cont’d) • Ukraine is the most populous country with 46 million people. • Many have emigrated for economic and political reasons, escaping Soviet control during the Cold War. • Industrialization in the 1900 s urbanized the region. • Great revival since the collapse of the Soviet Union. • The Hungarian capital of Budapest: thriving business and cultural area.

Early Civilizations • Early Slavs lived amongst Celtic and Germanic peoples. • Between 400 -700, Slavs moved west and south. • Slavic groups established states in Croatia, Serbia, and Slovenia. • East Slavs settled in Belarus and Ukraine.

Age of Empires • The Byzantine Empire influenced the region. • Eastern Orthodoxy spread. • The Ottomans conquered Byzantium in 1453 and controlled the area until its dissolution in 1922.

The Iron Curtain • Eastern Europe experienced power struggles and ethnic divisions. • Yugoslavia formed in 1918. • Eastern European nations fell under Soviet control. • Cold War: Communist east vs. Democratic west.

Fall of Communism • Revolts against Communism from the 1950 s to 1980 s. • The Communist gov’ts collapsed in 1989. • Balkan Wars erupted in the 1990 s, end of Yugoslavia. • Democratic free elections, market economies, and EU membership.

Culture • The common Slavic languages are Polish and Czech. Also Baltic languages. • Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Islam are common religions. • High literacy rates. • Challenges in transitioning to democracy and healthcare funding. • Folk music is important to Slavic culture. • High value for writing – Franz Kafka. • Small family units. • Sports and physical education programs still exist from Soviet era.