CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA
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CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA, SOUTH OF THE SAHARA Chapter 21, Section 1: The Sahel
Important Vocabulary • Indigenous: people who originated in the region. • Domesticate: the taming of animals. • Oral Tradition: the practice of passing down stories from generation to generation by word of mouth.
Vocabulary (Cont’d) • Patriarchal: families that are headed by a male family member. • Clan: large groups of people descended from an early common ancestor. Ex: The family. • Nuclear Family: the husband, wife, and children. • Sanitation: the disposal of waste products.
Map of the Sahel
The People • The Sahel extends from Senegal to the Sudan. • Very diverse population. Ex: Chad. • Major ethnic groups: the Hausa (traders), the Fulani (cattle herders), and the Berbers. • Arab, European, and indigenous African cultures have influenced the region.
Density & Distribution • Population distribution is uneven. • Economics, desertification, and deforestation has influenced urbanization. • There has been rapid population growth.
First Civilizations • People migrated to the region around 2, 000 B. C. • Between 2, 000 and 1, 000 B. C. the Ancient Egyptians moved south. • The kingdom of Kush flourished until the 300 s AD when Axum attacked its trade routes.
Empires & Colonization • The Mali Empire grew rich from the gold-for-salt trade. • The Songhai Empire eventually overtook Mali and expanded east. • Europeans trade began as early as the 1200 s. • By the 1600 -1700 s, extensive trading for gold, goods, and slaves.
Colonization (Cont’d) • In the 1800 s, the European Powers began colonizing the region. • Africans benefited from educational opportunities. • By the mid-1900 s educated Africans launched and eventually gained independence.
The Sudan Today • Distinct cultural divisions between the nation’s Arab-speaking Muslims and Christians. • There are 2. 7 million displaced people from armed conflicts. • The 2005 peace deal has still left great uncertainty in the region. • Today this region is known as Sudan and South Sudan!
Culture • African art – ritual masks to rhythmic drum music to folktales. • Strong oral tradition and written literature. • Africans value strong family ties. • Several languages spoken such as: Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan, Congo-Kordofanian, and French. • Islam is the predominant religion. • Low literacy rates, high levels of poverty, and poor healthcare.
CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA, SOUTH OF THE SAHARA Chapter 21, Section 2: East Africa
Important Vocabulary • Lingua Franca: common language spoken throughout the region. Ex: English and French.
Map of East Africa
The People & Distribution • The cultures were unknown until European trade was established in the 1800 s. • The main ethnic groups are the Hutu and the Bantu. • Uneven population distribution. • Most urban centers are along the coasts and major rivers. • There is rapid population growth. • Agriculture is the main economic activity.
Early Peoples & Kingdoms • East Africa is considered the place of origin for all mankind. • Its location has made trade vital. Recall: Axum was a trade power in Ethiopia in the 100 s AD. • Arab and Persian traders settled in the 700 s until the Portuguese took control in the 1400 s.
European Colonization • By the 1800 s, the European Powers: Britain, France, Portugal, Italy, and Germany competed to expand their empires and trade routes. • Local agriculture became huge plantation economies – coffee and tea were major cash crops.
From Colonies to Countries • Unsuccessful resistance of colonial rule in early 1900 s. • The European Powers granted independence in the 1960 s. • Independence brought much internal chaos and violence. • Violent border disputes between Somalia and Ethiopia.
Culture • Instability, violence, and corruption are still exist. • Many languages spoken, English and French are most common. • Most of the people are either Christians or Muslims. • Literacy rates greatly vary from 37% in Somalia to 85% in Kenya. • Region is plagued with poor healthcare, nutrition, and AIDS. • Visual arts, rhythmic music, dance, and oral traditions are dominant customs.
CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA, SOUTH OF THE SAHARA Chapter 21, Section 3: West Africa
Important Vocabulary • Urbanization: movement of people from rural areas to cities. World’s fastest rate is in Africa. • Service Centers: convenient business locations for rural dwellers.
Map of West Africa
The People & Distribution • Many diverse ethnic groups. One of the largest is the Yoruba. • 153 million people live in Nigeria, but uneven distribution. Most live on the coasts and river valley plains. • Rapid urbanization for better job opportunities, healthcare, and public services.
Early Empires • Strong trading empires developed in the 700 s – Mali and Ghana. • Ghanaian Empire became wealthy from the gold-forsalt trade. • Recall: salt was valued as a food preservative.
The Colonial Era • The Portuguese set up trading posts in the 1400 s for gold and slaves. • Trade expanded during the 1600 s and 1700 s as the European powers (Britain, France, and Portugal) sent African slaves to their American colonies.
Nigeria: A Colonial Legacy • In 1914, Britain formed the colony of Nigeria. • The northern cultures are Islamic while the southern cultures are Christian. • Since independence in 1960, Nigeria has dealt with civil war and other conflicts.
Culture • Hundreds of languages spoken. Most common are English, French, and Arabic. • The main religions are Islam and Christianity. • Education varies in the region. • Healthcare is uneven and limited: poor nutrition and medicine. • The arts are part of everyday life through: religious expression, dance, music, weaving, and sculpting.
CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA, SOUTH OF THE SAHARA Chapter 21, Section 4: Central Africa
Important Vocabulary • Pidgin: a simplified speech used among people who speak different languages.
Map of Central Africa
The People & Distribution • Most people are rural farmers. • Hundreds of ethnic groups. The major groups are the Fulani and Bantu. • Region is not densely populated; labor shortages. • The capital cities (such as Kinshasa, D. R. C. ) dominate the country’s economics, politics, and culture.
Early Settlements • People have lived there for 10, 000 years, but no large settlements until the 600 s and 700 s. • Bantu-speaking people came in the 800 s and created several central African kingdoms.
Slavery • European traders and explorers came in the 1400 s. • The main trade – slave trade. • Enslaved Africans went to plantations in the New World. • The voyage was harsh and many died during the journey.
European Colonization • France and Belgium colonized the Congos in the 1800 s. • By the early 1900 s: towns grew, railways were built, and cash crops were exported. • European culture was promoted, and the Africans were harshly treated. • Resistance to colonial rule grew during the mid-1900 s.
Instability After Independence • All French colonies independent by 1960, but Spain and Portugal took longer to do so. • After independence, harsh dictatorial rule and ethnic clashes. • Natural resources have helped bring some stability, but there is still unrest.
Culture • Hundreds of languages spoken, French is widely spoken. • Art, pottery, and sculpting are part of the rich cultural tradition. • Many traditional African religions are practiced. The majority are Christians. • Instability has led to low literacy rates and school enrollment. • Poor healthcare and medicines to prevent curable diseases. • There is also poor sanitation and unsafe drinking water.
CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA, SOUTH OF THE SAHARA Chapter 21, Section 5: Southern Africa
Important Vocabulary • Coup d'état: an overthrow of the gov’t. Ex: Angola. • Apartheid: a separation of the races. Ex: South Africa. • Universal Suffrage: voting rights for all adult citizens. Ex: South Africa in 1994.
Map of Southern Africa
The People • Major ethnic groups are the Sena, Bantu, Swazi, Zulu, and the San. • Colonial rule brought tensions between the native African and white peoples. • Colonial law in South Africa separated whites and native Africans, natives denied the right to vote.
Density & Distribution • Population densities vary greatly. • Many people are moving to urban areas. • Many cities have skyscrapers and trendy shops, but most deal with poor public services and overcrowding.
Early Cultures • Remains of cultures 1 million years old discovered. • Stone ruins “The Great Zimbabwe” were built between the 800 s and 1200 s. • The Zulus arrived first in modern-day South Africa.
European Colonization • Madagascar began trading with Arabs and Europeans as early as the 600 s. • The British, French, Portuguese, and Germans colonized the region in the 1700 s and 1800 s. • Slaves and rice crops were shipped to the Americas.
Challenges After Independence • In Angola, forces overthrew the Portuguese in 1975. • Botswana and Mauritius have enjoyed political and economic stability. • Zambia, however, has experienced instability and civil unrest.
South Africa • South Africa gained independence from Britain in the early 1900 s. • For most of the 20 th century, the white minority ran the gov’t. • Apartheid denied Africans political rights, jobs, education, and housing. • Anti-apartheid leader Nelson Mandela became president in 1994.
Culture • Various African languages, English, French, and Afrikaans is spoken. • Christianity is the main religion, but traditional African religions are also practiced. • Higher education has expanded since independence. • AIDS has reached epidemic proportions. • A variety of indigenous arts, crafts, music, and dancing.
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