Territorial Morphology Human Geography Mrs Vazquez What is

Territorial Morphology Human Geography Mrs. Vazquez

What is human territoriality? l Human territoriality is the attempt to control what goes on in a specific geographic area l A country’s sense of property and attachment toward its territory, expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and defended

What does sovereignty mean? l Sovereignty is the final authority over a territory’s political and military affairs. l Authority to rule

Territorial morphology refers to… l Territorial morphology refers to the size, shape and relative location of a state (country) l This affects the potential for communications and conflict with neighbors l Morphology means “the form and structure of an organism or one of its parts”

Territorial Morphology(shape) 5 basic shapes: ¡Compact (Uruguay, Zimbabwe, Poland) ¡Prorupt-Protruded (extension out) usually for access to river or ocean Thailand, Myanmar, Namibia, India(not the usual poster boy) ¡Elongated (Chile) Vietnam ¡Fragmented (difficult to defend; Philippines, Indonesia, Sweden ¡Perforated (country that surrounds another) South Africa

Compact States l Distance to center to any boundary does not vary significantly. l Ideally, a circle l Beneficial for most smaller states because Sierra Leone communication is easier l Just as likely to experience civil war and ethnic conflict l Belgium l Easier to defend than states of other shapes. l Examples: Poland, Kenya Rwanda Burundi Swaziland Lesotho

Fragmented States l Includes several discontinuous pieces of territory ¡ 1)fragmented by Cape Verde Islands water (Fiji, Indonesia) Equatorial Guinea and Sao Tome and Principe ¡ 2)fragmented by other states l Russia (Kaliningrad), US (Alaska) Seychelles

Elongated States l States with a long and narrow shape l Suffer from poor internal communications l Isolation of one region from capital l Examples: Italy, Chile, Malawi Togo Malawi

Protruded/Prorupt States l Otherwise compact state l with a large projecting l extension l Created for access to Somalia l a resource, such as water l Or, created for separation l of two states that would Zaire l otherwise share a boundary l The projecting territory of l Democratic Republic of Congo was made by the Belgians to give the state, then a colony of Belgium, access to the Atlantic Ocean Example: Democratic Republic of Congo, Thailand

Perforated States l A state that completely surrounds another state l South Africa/Lesotho South Africa

B E A D C

Boundaries… la vertical plane that cuts through the subsoil & airspace (even outer space) ltranscend soil, water, air lmark the limits of state jurisdiction

Boundaries ldiffer in morphological terms ¡Geometric: straight line boundaries ¡physical-political or natural-political: rivers or mountains ¡Cultural: politicalethnically based

Boundary Types 1. Physical: mountains, rivers, lakes Rio Grande US /Mexico Pyrenees Mountains bw/ Spain and France Other examples? 2. Geometric: lines of latitude/longitude North Korea and South Korea -38 th parallel.

3. Cultural: separated by language/religion – India & Pakistan

Boundary Origins 1. Antecedent: border before populated boundary that was created before the present day cultural landscape developed Ex: U. S. 2. Subsequent: border drawn after 2 types: Consequent (Ireland & N. Ireland) Superimposed (British India, Africa after the scramble)

Consequent – Ireland & N. Ireland

3. Relict/relic Boundary: historical boundary, no longer valid. Great wall of China, Berlin Wall

Boundaries lare often a source of dispute

Boundaries lare defined, delimited, and then demarcated ¡Defined: legal document drawn up ¡Delimited: boundary put on a map ¡Demarcated: boundary marked on the ground

Types of Boundary Disputes 1. Locational: over border 2. Functional/operational: over policies (immigration) 3. Resource /Allocational Over oil or natural gas 4. Territorial - irredentism

Definitional Boundary Disputes llegal language in dispute

Locational Boundary Disputes linterpretation in dispute

Operational Boundary Disputes lfunctions of boundary in dispute

Allocational Boundary Disputes ldispute over resources

Exclave and Enclave l Small outliers of territory which are separated from the rest of the territory by another state l The separated territory is referred to as an exclave of the country it is associated with l If the piece of territory lies within another country, it is known as an enclave of the surrounding country

Naxcivan is an exclave of Azerbaijan

This is an enclave of Azerbaijan and an exclave of Armenia