Chapter 4 The Human World Lesson 1 Global

Chapter 4 The Human World Lesson 1 - Global Cultures

A. Culture All features of a people’s way of life Learned and passed through teaching, example & imitation Includes language, religion, architecture, clothing, economics, family life, food, gov’t, roles of women/men etc.

World Languages

Language Tree

1. Cultural Hearth A center where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread to surrounding cultures 5 early culture hearths Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates Rivers), Nile Valley, Indus River Valley, Huang He Valley, Mesoamerica Farming settlements with fertile land mild climate Located near a major river or source of water

2. Cultural traits Some the same around the world: reading, math, alphabets, Some different: knife & fork vs chopsticks Some traits linked, such as religion, farming, use of technology - example: The Amish in America

3. Cultural Regions An area in which people have many shared culture traits Some countries have one dominant culture (Japan), others may have many (Kenya, South Africa) Country borders sometimes divide culture regions and separate one ethnic group (Kurds) Can be made up of several countries with same language, traditions, systems of gov’t (Australia & New Zealand)

“Kurdistan”

4. Cultural Change a. Diffusion – process by which a cultural element is transmitted across some distance from one group or individual to another Migration b. Cultural Convergence skills, art, ideas, habits, institutions of one culture come in contact with those of another War and trade

c. Acculturation: adopting some traits from another culture Tex Mex! d. Cultural Divergence – restriction of a culture from outside cultural influences often practiced by repressive govts restrict free movement in/out seek to control transportation and communication

5. Globalization Process by which the countries of the world become more connected Achieved through increases in trade and advances in technology and communication - Information Revolution Industrial Revolution – Rapid cultural change brought with power-driven machines and mass production

a. Globalization - Pros and Cons Pros: Increased standard of living, cheap goods, spread of tech, cooperation and awareness, access to foreign culture Cons: Outsourcing, gap between rich and poor countries, loss of culture, pandemics, environmental degradation

Lesson 2 – Population Geography A. Demography – statistical study of human populations Population Density Population Distribution Natural Increase World Population Trends

1. Population Density Avg # of people in an area, persons per sq. mi. or km. Population Density varies worldwide * Canada = 8/sq. mi * Bangladesh = 2, 349/sq. mi Depends on size of country, size of population & environmental conditions

2. Population Distribution People are spread out UNEVENLY over earth. Why? To live in areas favorable for settlement. * fertile soil, access to fresh water, & mild climates 90% live in northern hemisphere 2/3 of those live in mid-latitudes (20 - 60 N) Many in fertile river valleys near edges of continents Few people in polar climates, deserts, rugged mountains

3. Population Change # of people depends on 3 major factors a. Birth rate: # of births/yr for every 1000 living in a place b. Death rate: # of deaths /yr for every 1000 living in a place

3. Population Change, cont. c. Migration: process of moving from one place to another emigrants: people who leave (exit) a country to live in another immigrants: people who come into a new country to live Zero Population Growth: birthrate + I = death rate +E Negative Population Growth: death rate > birthrate

4. Rate of Natural Increase Birth rate – death rate, implying the annual rate of population growth or decline w/o regard for migration (expressed as %) Varies worldwide world: 1. 2% US: 0. 6% Russia: -0. 6% Uganda: 3. 1% If country grows at 3%, it will double in 23 yrs!! (doubling time)

Birth and Death Rates, Worldwide Rates of birth, death, and natural increase per 1, 000 population Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision, 2005.

5. Population Growth Population has grown rapidly in last 200 years. Why? a. improved farm technology b. improved public sanitation c. improved medical technology Explosive growth in developing countries Near zero population growth in many developed countries Concern of overpopulation – when # of people too large to be supported by available resources

World Population Growth Through History Billions 12 11 2100 10 9 Old Stone 7 Age 8 Bronze Age New Stone Age Modern Age Middle Ages Iron Age 6 Future 2000 5 4 1975 3 1950 2 1 Black Death 1+ million years 7000 B. C. 6000 B. C. 5000 B. C. 4000 B. C. 1900 1800 — The Plague 3000 B. C. 2000 B. C. 1000 B. C. A. D. 1000 A. D. 2000 A. D. 3000 Source: Population Reference Bureau; and United Nations, World Population Projections to 2100 (1998). A. D. 4000 A. D. 5000

World Population Growth, in Billions Number of years to add each billion (year) All of Human History (1800) 130 (1930) 30 (1960) 15 (1975) 12 (1987) 12 (1999) 14 (2013) 14 (2027) 21 (2048) Sources: First and second billion: Population Reference Bureau. Third through ninth billion: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision (medium scenario), 2005.

Growth in More, Less Developed Countries Billions Less Developed Regions More Developed Regions Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision (medium scenario), 2005.

B. Demographic Transition Model used to compare birth and death rates and the total population

C. Population Pyramid Charts used to show trends in a population Shows population by male/female and age Useful for comparing different countries populations

D. Urbanization Growth of city populations resulting from migration of people from city to city and rural villages to cities Half the world’s people live in cities

E. Migration Pull factors: Factors that attract people to a place Economic opportunity, religious and political freedoms, desirable environment Push Factors: Reasons people leave a place Lack of economic opportunity, religious or political persecution, wars, food shortages

Lesson 5 – Urban Geography 1. Industrial Revolution kicked off new age of urbanization. Cities begin to grow Spreading of urban areas onto undeveloped land near cities is called urban sprawl Metropolitan area—a region that includes a central city and its surrounding suburbs

2. Patterns of Settlement Most North Americans and Europeans live in cities Urbanization: growth of proportion of people living in towns & cities Urban growth in rich countries is slowing Urban growth in developing countries is rapid as people enter looking for jobs Rural: countryside

3. Where do cities emerge? Chicago Near key resources Location along transportation & trade routes (river crossings, natural harbors, head of a delta) Easily defended sites (defensive hilltop site or defensive site controlling a pass) Central Place Theory – attempts to explain why cities are where they are

Urban Population Trends in Urbanization, by Region Percent Source: United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision (medium scenario), 2004.

4. World City- city that plays an important role in the global economic system. International diverse cultures, influence and interaction with world affairs, large population, major international airport, advanced transportation system Ex. New York, London, Istanbul

Lesson 3 – Political Government 1. Government structure –relationship between smaller units (states) & the central govt Unitary: central govt rules entire nation Federal: national govt shares power w/ state govts Confederation: smaller levels of govt keep most of the power & give central govt very limited powers

2. Government Authority – Who has the power? Autocracy (One person has the power) vs Oligarchy (Small group has the power) vs Democracy (people have the power)

A. Dictatorship most common form of autocratic govt. an individual or small group holds complete political power often uses military/political terror to stay in power people not free to voice opinions totalitarianism – govt controls all parts of society: politics, economy, people’s lives

Famous Dictators

B. Monarchy (hereditary rulers) ruling family headed by king or queen holds political power past: ruled w/ dictatorial powers present: most are now Constitutional Monarchies – share power w/ citizen bodies power rests w/ elected lawmaking body, monarch ceremonial or represents national unity Queen Elizabeth II

C. Democracy Citizens hold political power direct democracy or representative democracy (most common) – adult citizens vote for people who make the laws Leaders chosen by voting in free elections Value individual freedoms & human rights

D. Oligarchy Any system of govt in which a small group holds power Power comes from military, wealth, social position, or combo Includes Communist China Theocracy- oligarchy who’s power comes from religion Tibet - Dalai Lama, Iran - Ayatollah, Vatican City - Pope

3. Government and Geography Natural boundary - follows physical geographic features, ex. rivers and mts Cultural boundary – divide two identifiable cultures British partitioned Pakistan (Muslim) and India (Hindu) Geometric boundary – follow straight lines and do not account for natural or cultural boundaries Created by treaty

4. Conflict & Cooperation Political Conflicts a. Competing feelings of nationalism (pride & loyalty for one’s country) b. Differing culture traits (religion, ethnicity, etc) c. Type of gov’t d. Economic issues – trade disputes, tariffs & quotas

4. Conflict & Cooperation, cont Terrorism – the use of violence & fear as a political force to intimidate a people or government a. some terrorists want independence for homelands that may be under control of another country b. some terrorists have political goals – to change policies c. don’t usually act under direct authority of govt but may be protected or supported financially

4. Conflict & Cooperation, cont International Cooperation a. United Nations (UN): most countries are members goals to settle int’l disputes, to prevent wars, humanitarian aid (disease, hunger, illiteracy) b. Economic cooperation/free trade helps countries produce goods at lower costs & reach larger markets. People can then buy these goods at lower prices reduce tariffs & quotas

Lesson 4 – Economic Geography - 3 basic economic questions What to make? How much to make? Who to make it for?

1. Traditional Economy (subsistence economy) A. All goods & services produced & consumed by the family/for family B. Very little surplus or exchange of goods C. Found in poor countries, mostly in rural areas D. Tradition and custom control economic activity

2. Market Economy People freely choose what to buy & sell according to the laws of supply & demand Individuals or companies make decisions about production & distribution – competition Capitalism – business, industries, resources are privately owned In US, govt provides some service & imposes some govt regulations Pure capitalism - gov’t plays NO part in economy

3. Command Economy Central Govt makes decisions about production/distribution - decides what to make, where to make it, how much to make, what price to charge, what to pay workers Production doesn’t necessarily reflect consumer demand Communist economy – govt owns, operates all major farms, factories, utilities, stores

4. Mixed Economy Combo of command & market economies Socialism: state owns/operates some basic industries while allowing private enterprise in other parts of economy Belief that wealth should be distributed more equally – all entitled to certain goods/services “welfare states” characterized by HIGH TAXES to pay for the many social services like housing, health care, child care, pensions