Chapter 19 The Worlds of North and South

Chapter 19 – The Worlds of North and South How was life in the North different from life in the South?

19. 2 – Geography of the North

19. 2 – Geography of the North • Climate – 4 distinct seasons – More northern states (Maine & Minnesota) have colder winters and shorter summers than others like Pennsylvania and Ohio

• Natural Features – Northern New England (Maine) • Jagged coastline with bays and inlets (perfect harbors) • Rocky soil • Thick forests – Southern New England (Pennsylvania) & the Midwest (Michigan!) • Flat land • Rich deposits of soil

19. 5 – Economy of the North • Everything manufactured was once created by hand – Shirt, gun, carriage, etc • In the late 1700 s, inventors began creating machines that could do the work more quickly and cheaper • This was the beginning of the Industrial Revolution

• The Growth of Industry – The Industrial Revolution began in England where mill operators used machines to spin cotton into thread and weave those threads into cloth • These devices were powered using steam – The process was brought back to the U. S. and improved. • Goods could now be made cheaper and more plentiful • Less-skilled laborers could find work

– In the North, the industrial owners were creating a new source of great wealth • They favored strong national government that could make improvements to manufacturing, trade, and transportation – Southerns looked down upon this, calling the factory workers “wage slaves” – … really? • They were worried that northern interest might overpower their way of life – …well

• Machines Make Agriculture More Efficient – Inventions like the “reaper” could cut 28 times more grain than a single man with a scythe – By 1860, the value of Northern manufacturing was ten times greater than in the South

The London 2012 Olympics opening ceremony

19. 6 – Transportation in the North • John C. Calhoun (South Carolina congressman) proposed an infrastructure of roads and canals to “bind the republic together. ” • Building Better Roads – A National Road (a highway) was suggested in 1816, but James Monroe vetoed it because spending federal money on such things was unconstitutional. – Today? ? ?

• Fast Ships and Canals – River travel was faster and cheaper than travel by land. – Steam helped power ships traveling rivers – Sleeker ships were made to cross the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in record time. – Anyone play Assassin’s Creed? ?

• Traveling by Rail – Inspired by steamships, locomotives (trains) were invented to travel across the land (wherever tracks could be laid – even across mountains). – By 1860, more than 20, 000 miles of track had been laid.

• WRAP UP QUESTIONS: – Who has the most to gain from the trains, boats, and roads? – How does the North view this? – What do you think the South thought about this?

19. 9 – Society of the North • Most people were neither wealthy nor powerful. • But they believed in the American dream – that with hard work, ordinary people could acquire wealth and influence.

• By 1860 – 7/10 northerners still lived on farms – People moved to towns and cities, tripling the population of Boston, Philidephia, and New York. – 50 of the largest cities were in the Northeast (except for Chicago and Detroit and 12 southern cities) – More than 1 million people lived in New York City

• African Americans in the North – After the American Revolution, all northern states had begun ending the practice of slavery. – While free, African Americans were not considered equals to whites: they could not vote, hold office, serve on juries, attend white churches or schools. – They started their own churches and businesses – Finding a job was hard, so they often worked as laborers or servants

• Immigrants Arrive in the North – Between 1845 -1860, 4 MILLION immigrants moved to northern parts of America • Most were from Ireland or Germany because of drought and revolution, respectively – Some came with money to buy land farms, but most found jobs in mills and factories – This created anti-immigrant feelings • Riots • Discrimination

• WRAP UP QUESTIONS: – What is your ancestry?

19. 3 – Geography of the South

• Climate – Mild winters and long, hot, humid summers – Plentiful rainfall • Perfect for growing crops! – Here come the memes!!

• Natural Features (outer parts) – Wide coastal plains on the outer edge from Chesapeake Bay and around to the Gulf Coast – Swamps and marshes

• Natural Features (interior 1) – Fertile lowlands with plains full of rich soil – perfect for raising crops

• Natural Features (interior 2) – Appalachian Mountains • Some farmers worked “on land so steep that they keep falling out of their cornfields”

19. 4 – Economy of the South • The economy of the North was able to successfully run factories – mostly because of the cooler climate made it easier to run the machines most of the year. • Based on the geography (and your own knowledge), what would be the primary economy of the pre-Civil War South? – What about today?

• Most white southerners were agrarians. – Some were small time farmers who could provide for their family and a little extra income – Some were plantation owners, who did not have to do the work of growing crops themselves – What does that compare to today?

• Plantation owners used slaves to grow cash crops such as

• The practice of slavery and slaves had begun to decline in the 1790 s – American products could be purchased cheaper from other British colonies • In addition to those, cotton was a promising crop, but the cleaning process made it not worth the effort. – Then came Eli Whitney…

• King Cotton – The cotton gin did the same work as 50 laborers • YAY! – Within 10 years, cotton sales earned more money than all other US exports • WHOOHOO!! – How do you think the North reacted to this?

• Expanding Demand for Land Slaves – However, instead of lightening the work of slaves (or ending slavery it altogether), Whitney’s invention INCREASED the demand • NOOOOOO!!!!!!!!! – Between 1790 -1850, the number of slaves rose from 500, 000 to 3 million •

– Cotton fields also wore out the soil, so they kept expanding West • Because apparently, no one listened during the Native American lecture on crop rotation… – How do you think “King Cotton” made the southerners feel? – As the Industrial Revolution began in the North, the southerners felt cotton was the best investment, and poured all of their money into slaves and land • Their thought process: “We purchase all our luxuries and necessities from the North…”

– One notable exception to all of this was the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Virginia • They employed mostly slaves, but the factory produced ammunition for the U. S. army, as well as steam engines, rails, and locomotives. • While hugely beneficial, most white southerners made their living off the land. • RANDOM QUESTION: What about the location of this makes it unique? • With the impending split of the country, what predictions can you make about this factory?

19. 7 – Transportation in the South • Most rail lines were in the North – What are some reasons why they weren’t in the South?

• Because of these obstacles, southerners continued transporting people and goods via rivers. – Slow current – Broad channels – Relatively cheaper than land or building rails • Once the product (typically cotton) reached the sea, it was loaded onto ships headed for…?

• Being the primary source of transportation in the South, many cities formed on waterways – Cincinnati, OH & KY – Memphis, TN – Nashville, TN – St. Louis, MO – New Orleans, LA – Baton Rouge, LA

• Whenever federal funding for internal improvements came up (roads, railways, canals), how do you think the South responded? – Why? ? – Can you connect this to current legislation?

• Some railroads were ultimately built in the South – Southerners were proud of this because the iron rails used to build this railroad came from Virginia's Tredegar Iron Works. • By 1860, the South had 10, 000 miles of rail compared to the North’s 20, 000

19. 8 – Society of the South • President Andrew Jackson’s policies and reform movements did not make a huge impact on way of life for southerners. – Wealth = land + slaves – Social structure was: • Rich plantation owners • White farmers & workers • African Americans

• Slavery comprised every aspect of life for the South – True for both black and white – True for religion • Church officials defended the practice – Differed from the North, whose leaders taught it was un. Christian • Huck Finn example

• As long as the culture and economy was preserved, the South had little incentive to make progress economically or culturally. – “The South grew, but it did not develop. ”

• White Southerners – Wealthy plantation owners • • • Dominated the economy and politics Treasured leisure Enjoyed parties and social visits Sons went to universities Daughters rarely educated, but were instead brought up to be gracious wives and hostesses

– Most white southerners • Owned some land • Only 1 in 4 owned even one slave • Worked their own fields and made what they needed – The poor white southerners • 10% were too poor to own land • Rented mountain or forest land paid with the crops they raised

– Public schools • There were only a few, and the ones that existed were – A distance to travel – Inferior to those in the North • Because of this, many white children were illiterate

• African Americans in the South – A small group of African Americans were free • They were forced to – wear special badges – pay extra taxes – live separate from whites • Most lived in cities and worked as craftspeople, servants, or laborers

– The majority were slaves who worked as • • • Cooks Carpenters Blacksmiths House servants Nursemaids Although most were field hands who worked from dawn to dusk

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