North Central and South America Native Empires North

North, Central, and South America

Native Empires • North American Empires – Southwest USA • Hohokam – 300 -500 AD – Irrigation systems to survive in desert • Pueblo – Adobe homes made of sun dried bricks – Plains • Sioux, ect – Teepee’s to hunt buffalo – Eastern Woodland • Hopewell – Mount builders, 300 -500 BC • Mississippians – Lived along the Mississippi RIver

Native Empires • Central and South America – Olmec • 1200 -400 BC (oldest) • Mexico, farming society – Maya • Yucatan Peninsula to El Salvador • Gifted in math and science • Multiple Gods

Native Empires • Central and South America – Aztec • Warriors who settled @ Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) • Grew in power… 1400 AD had more than 200, 000 • Worshipped sun, life dominated by military – Inca • • Andes Mountains of South America By 1400 stretched from Peru to Chile Very smart (roads, forts, irrigation) Made a common language (Quechua)

European Colonization • Spanish – Theme: • explore the Caribbean, Central, and South America. • Initially looking for a route to Asia, they turned to finding gold/sliver. – Christopher Columbus • First explorer from Spain • Trying to find the East Indies (India) for trade – Ponce de Leon • Explored Florida

European Colonization • Spanish cont. . – Francisco Pizarro • Led expedition into South America (Peru to Chile) • Destroyed the Inca’s – Hernan Cortes • Captured Aztec leader Montezuma • Brought small pox to the Aztec. . destroyed them – Results of Spanish • Native life was destroyed by small pox • Immediate wealth for Spain (Silver and Gold) • Slavery began to grow…eventually Africans were used

European Colonization • France – Theme: • During the 1500 s, the French colonized northern North America (Canada). • Began early settlements that centered on fur trade – Jacques Cartier • Early Explorer – Samuel de Champlain • Founded Quebec – Robert Cavelier de La Salle • Sailed down the Mississippi River

European Colonization • France cont. . – Marquette and Joliet • Explored Upper Midwest – Julien Dubuque • First European in Iowa – Louis XIV • French Ruler for 62 years…. strengthened France but led to more instability with other countries. • Eventually France’s continual wars made it difficult for them to control land in the Americas

European Colonization • Portugal – Theme: Was the first country to begin exploring a way to get to India by sea – Early explorers gained control on islands around India – Eventually lost strength, invaded by Spain. – Brazil became the only part of the America’s where they were able to continue to control. – Map on 396 -397

United States Imperialism • When powerful countries try to dominate weaker countries; usually to try to get resources or power • US Interests – Why: Lot of interest of goods from Latin America – Spanish-American War • 1898; fighting over Cuba • US declared war after the Maine was sunk and Spanish refused to leave Cuba (American economic interest) • Quick victory for the United States

United States Imperialism • US Interests in Panama – Why: Create a canal that would prevent ships from making the 13, 000 mile trip around South America – Panama won its freedom and the United States began to build with Panama Canal in 1914 – Great Engineering Feat: • Power Shovels and Other Machines • Discovered that mosquitoes caused yellow fever

Independence, Histories and Issues • Mexico – Independence • Revolts against Spain began in 1810 • In 1823, rebels overthrew General Inturbide, making Mexico a republic. – Modern Revolution • Porfirio Diaz: Dictator for 1880 -1910, most people very poor • Revolt followed by several years of civil war and unrest • Pancho Villa: – Rebel leader who decided to attack America cities – US Military got involved in Mexico…until getting involved in WWI • Mexico remained unstable

Independence, Histories and Issues • Mexico cont… – PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) • Had firm control over the government from WWII to 1970. – Economy • 1970’s: huge gains because of new found oil • 1980’s: borrowed too much $ and the world oil boom decreased • 1985: 10, 000 people died in a Mexico City earthquake • 1990 s: More problems until government spending cuts helped spur recovery. (President Clinton also gave Mexico a billion dollar aid package)

Independence, Histories and Issues • Mexico cont. . – Emigration • Because of awful economic conditions, hundreds of thousands of Mexicans have left Mexico for USA • This has caused problems for both countries – Political Change • In 2000, the PRI lost the presidency (had it since 1929) – Issues today • Drug related violence and trade has increased dramatically

Independence, Histories and Issues • Canada – Independence • Both British settlers in Ontario and French settlers in Quebec dislike foreign British control • Instead of fighting the people of Canada (like they did with US colonists), the British decided to give people rights. • By 1848 GB gave Canada the power to govern themselves • 1867: Four provinces (similar to American States)were created (Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick) • Gold and westward movement led to all the Provinces being created by 1905. (Map on 606)

Independence, Histories and Issues • Canada cont. . – Relationship w/ USA • Very strong after WWII • Both US and Canada worked on DEW line to protect from Soviet Airstrikes • Both USA and Canada became leaders in NATO and UN • North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) – This eliminated tariffs between countries (controversial) – Exports • Ag related, minerals, industries – Quebec • French dominated province of Canada • Continue to vote to separate from Canada.

Independence, Histories and Issues • Causes of Anger in Central/South America • Charles III of Spain wanted to gain more control of the lands in Central and South America • These changes benefited Spain while causing problems throughout Central and South America • Simon Bolivar: Leader of multiple revolutions against Spanish rule throughout Central and South America • Bolivar, Jose Francisco de San Martin and Bernardo O Higgins had all spent time in Europe and North America. . giving them ideas Independence and Enlightenment • Map (623)

Independence, Histories and Issues • Haiti – Controlled by France (Napoleon) – Slave and free mulattoes revolt during French Rev – In 1804, Haiti became the first independent country in Latin America • Bloodless Revolutions – Argentina: Won freedom in 1810 – Paraguay: Won freedom in 1811

Independence, Histories and Issues • Conflict – Simon Bolivar (“The Liberator”) • Started a revolt in Venezuela area in 1810 (Gran Colombia) • By 1821, the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama were all free from Spain – San Martin and O’Higgins • Drove the Spanish out of Chile • Finally able to drive the Spanish out of Peru and Bolivia – Brazil • Declared independence from Portugal in 1822 (Dom Pedro I and II) – Uruguay

Early 20 th Century Latin America • Industries – Oil and other mined materials were found in many countries in Central and South America • Social – Rapid Growth of Cities • Mexico City, Rio de Janerio, Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires • Political – Many countries struggled with competing political parties – Great Depression led to awful economic times and many government overthrows • USA – Tried to stay out of the affairs of Latin America during the 1930 s. • Created over compromise on land dispute between Argentina and Brazil

Late 20 th Century Latin American Issues • Economics • 2 Ways to grow: Develop national industries or invite foreign companies to do business • Monoculture: Relying on 1 or 2 groups or minerals for exporting. This has hurt Latin American countries • Some larger countries were able to quit importing some goods and began producing themselves. • Debt: By the 1980 s, most Latin American countries had went into debt. In the 1970 s, countries borrowed to build industry…couldn’t pay it back • Began to print more money…which led to inflation • NAFTA and Mercosur: Trade agreements to help each other out.

20 th Century Latin America cont. • Population • Huge increase since WWII. Population has tripled by the mid 1990 s. Expected to continue to grow until mid 2020 s. • More than 1/3 of people live in poverty…and that number keeps growing. • Cities have grown the fasted, which has caused many problems. Pollution is also a problem with overcrowding • Women’s Rights • Women first got the right to vote in 1961 and have become more of a powerful force.

Independence, Histories and Issues • Cuba – Cuba was close with the USA until 1950 s – Fidel Castro • Won control of Cuba in 1959 from Fulgencio Batista • Castro’s government began to veer towards communism • Communism is where the government has complete control over everything • Not supported by all Cubans (especially upper class) – Bay Of Pigs • An organized attempt to train Cuban refugees to overthrown Castro’s government • Huge failure for the Kennedy Administration

Independence, Histories and Issues • Cuba cont… – Relationship w/ USSR • Castro allowed the USSR to build nuclear missile sites on Cuba • This led to the Cuban Missile Crisis – Castro’s Influence • Tried to influence other Latin American countries to become communist – Recent History • Cuba was economically dependent on USSR due to US trade restrictions • After USSR collapse, Cuba has had a poor economy, which led to many people trying to leave the country • Relationship has gotten a little better with the US over the last few years

Independence, Histories and Issues • Puerto Rico – Relationship with USA • Became tight with USA in 1898 after Spanish American War • In 1917 became a US territory • By 1947, Puerto Rico had own government and people were citizens of the USA • Today it is considered a commonwealth of the USA • Big debate is whether it should be added as 51 st state

Independence, Histories and Issues • Dominican Republic and Haiti – Shares the island with neighbor Haiti – Dominica Republic History • Lots of problems keeping a stable government throughout early history (1930 -1960) • Recently: More democracy and an up and down economic situation since 1966. Reliant on sugar and tourism – Haiti History • Was the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere thanks to poor rule during the 1960 s. • Jean-Bertrand Aristide became first elected president in 1990 • Horrible earthquake in 2010.

Independence, Histories and Issues • Smaller Countries – Jamaica became first smaller country to get independence, soon followed by Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago (all from GB) – Grenada, Antigua/Barbuda, St Kitts and Nevis, Dominica, St Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Lucia all gained independence in the early 1980 s – Grenada: Revolution in the early 1980 s that the US had to help out in.

Central America Issues • General theme: • Economic growth after WWII only benefited a small segment of the population in most countries • Nicaragua • Revolution against the government was led by a group called the Sandinistas (friends with Cuba/communism) • Opposition to the Sandinistas grew in the USA during 1980 s • Contras: US funded group that began a guerilla war to overthrow the Sandinistas. • By 1990, the Sandinistas lost power. Nicaragua has not really recovered from the conflict.

Central America Issues • El Salvador – Violence • The 1980 s were marked by continual violence between different groups of people wanting power • By 1992, 80, 000 had been killed • Has settled down recently • Panama – Canal • US Signed a treaty that gave Panama control of the Canal in 1999 – Bad Relationship w/ USA • Manuel Noriega (Dictator) was accused helping South Americans bring drugs to the USA. • He was captured and arrested by Bush Sr

SA Independence, Histories and Issues • Brazil – Government: Very unstable from 1945 -1960 – Economy • Foreign investors were encouraged to invest in Brazil, led to the Brazilian Miracle. • Great for awhile, however Brazil went into huge debt • By the mid 1990’s Brazil had made significant economic strides under Fernando Cardoso – Present Day • Brazil will play host to the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics

• Independence, Histories and Issues • Argentina – Post WWII • Ruled by Juan Peron and his very popular wife/actress (Evita) • So popular with the people they built a dictatorship • When Evita died of cancer, Juan Peron was forced out of power in 1955. • Juan Peron eventually came back and was re-elected in 1973 • He died and his wife Isabel became the first female president in the Americas. • Did not last long…. military took control in 1976.

Independence, Histories and Issues • Modern Argentina – Dirty War • Military launched an all-out war on opponents in 1976 – Falkland Islands • By Argentina, controlled by Great Britain. • Argentina tried to invade but was denied by GB, huge embarrassment for government • Things have been much more stable and peaceful since • Wage and Price Controls have helped economy

Independence, Histories and Issues • Peru – Problems • Poor economy, bad governments, Drugs • Competing Guerilla Groups – MRTA attacked urban areas while the Sendero Luminoso fought for a communist country. • Alberto Fujimori – Became leader in 1990. Did some good and bad things. Helped the economy but was also accused of having death squads that took out opposition

Independence, Histories and Issues • Columbia – Problems • Awful civil war (La Violencia) from 1945 -1957 • Eventually two sides began to get along and ruled together until 1970 • Drugs – 1970 s: People in Columbia realized they could get rich making cocaine and marijuana and selling it to the USA/Europe – Medellin Cartel: Became the leaders of the drug trade in Columbia – Drug Lords sponsored violence on political organizations – Has not got much better…. Cali Cartel controlled over 70% of worlds cocaine by 1995 – Pablo Escobar

Independence, Histories and Issues • Chile – Stable until 1970 – Salvador Allende: Socialist elected President • Eventually he was killed in a military coup – Augusto Pinochet: • Got rid of government control of economy • With foreign aid, things improved during the 1980 s – Today Chile is a relatively stable country