The Civil War A Nation Divided Bellwork Take

The Civil War A Nation Divided

Bellwork • Take out a sheet of paper. • What does the following picture tell you about medical practices during the Civil War? – Must answer in a minimum of 75 words. – Must relate answer to specific evidence seen in the photograph. (Describe what you see)

Yes, They are cutting his leg off.

Union Army Grows • Lincoln appoints Gen. George Mc. Clellan to lead the Union army • Over 1 million northerners enlist in the Union army General Mc. Clellan (U. S. )

Fighting in the West • Gen. Ulysses S. Grant commands the union in the west • Fighting over access to rivers • “Question: Why was water so important to both armies during the war?

Union Captures Southern Port • April 1862 Union ships capture New Orleans • Question: Why would New Orleans be such an important city to control during the Civil War?

War Technology • Ironclads – fortified ships built of metal • Rifle and Minie Ball – much more accurate and deadly than muskets • Primitive landmines and grenades

Ironclad Ship

Civil War Rifle Minie Ball bone wound Musket Ball and Minie Ball

Civil War era grenade (primitive)

Conditions of War • Poor hygiene – Body lice, dysentery, diarrhea • Food shortages or bad food • No proper disposal of waste

Overcrowded camps Question: How does this picture depict conditions during the Civil War that would have led to severe medical issues?

Civil War Camps

Civil War Medicine • Field Hospitals • Minie Ball wound often caused amputation – Bone saw and chlorophorm - Anesthetic: A substance that causes lack of feeling or awareness. • Little, if any, sterilization – killing of germs to prevent disease • Government tries to clean it up – Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix

Outdoor hospital tent

Civil War operating table

Tool used to administer chloroform

Bone saw Amputated legs Amputee

Table showing how the number of illness dropped as medical condition improved throughout the Civil War

Key Battles • Battle of Bull Run (South) – First Real Battle – Stonewall Jackson • Battle of Shiloh (North) – Mississippi R. – General Grant – Send Scouts, Dig Trenches, and Build Forts

General Ulysses S. Grant (U. S. ) General “Stonewall” Jackson (C. S. )

Bull Run Creek

Painting depicting the Battle of Shiloh

Road sign in remembrance of the Battle of Shiloh

Battles • Battle of Antietam (North) – General Lee (South) – General Mc. Clellen (North) – Bloodies single day in US History. (26, 000 Die) • Battle of Chancellorsville (South) – General “Stonewall” Jackson (South) shot by his own soldier and dies.

Aftermath of the Battle of Antietam

Casualties at the Battle of Antietam

Emancipation Proclamation • A document that declared slaves free behind Confederate lines – No slaves freed immediately • Designed as a weapon of war – Freed slaves would join the fight

Question: What does this cartoon infer about the effects that the Emancipation Proclamation will have on the slaves and the US?

African American Soldiers • 180, 000 union soldiers were African-Am. • Less pay than whites • If captured, they were killed on the spot • Question: Why do you think that most African -Am. waited until after the Emancipation Proclamation to join the army?

All black regiments in the Union Army

Political Problems • Conscription – a draft that would force certain people to serve in the military – Men ages 20 - 45 – You could buy your way out for $300 – Only 8% of Union army were drafted • Draft Riots Question – Do you think a draft is a good way to get people to join the military? Explain.

Economic Issues • Southern food shortages – Inflation ( $6. 65 to $68 a month for food) • Northern economy grows rapidly – But still had inflation • Congress passes an income tax – the government taking a certain percent of a persons income. • Question: How would the combination of inflation and income tax effect the average worker?

Battles • Gettysburg (North) – South heads north to look of shoes – Find Union army instead – 3 day battle begins • July 1 – 3, 1863 • 50, 000 die • Deadliest battle in US History – Turns war in favor of North

Battle field after the Battle of Gettysburg

Soldiers lying dead in a trench after Gettysburg

Battles • Battle of Vicksburg (North) – Last Confederate fort on Mississippi – Grant cut off all supply lines – Starve South out • July 4, 1863 after 18 days the Conf. give up Vicksburg – Union takes total control of the Mississippi and cuts the Conf. in half.

Map of the Battle of Vicksburg

Gettysburg Address • Speech commemorating a cemetery at Gettysburg • Changed America’s opinion of America – “All men are created equal” – “of the people, by the people, for the people”

Grant vs. Lee • Grant appointed new leader of Union Army’s • Lee could not keep up with the amount of men – The North could lose men and easily replace them, the south was running out – South was losing morale QUESTION: By this point in the war, what other advantages did the Union have over the Confederacy?

Sherman’s March • William Tecumseh Sherman to take out the port city of Savannah after capturing Atlanta. • Captures, loots, plunders, and burns most cities on the way. • Total destruction of everything in his path • Victory is at hand • Lincoln wins election of 1864 Question: Do you think this was an ethical practice? What else could the Union have done to get the South to surrender?

Destruction of southern railroads during Sherman’s March

Painting showing the destruction of towns during Sherman’s March

War comes to an end… • After many defeats by Grant and Sherman Conf. leaders abandon capitol and burn it as they leave • Robert E. Lee signs a formal surrender on April 9, 1865 at Appomattox Court House in Virginia.

Painting depicting Robert E. Lee singing the surrender at Appomattox Court House

Appomattox Court House