North and South Chapter 14 Lesson 1 The

North and South Chapter 14

Lesson 1 - The Industrial North • Technology and Industry • Farming Innovations

Technology and Industry • Remember growth and expansion. The North industrialized in three phases. 1. Employers divided jobs into smaller steps. Each worker specialized in one step 2. Entrepreneurs built factories to bring specialized workers together. This allowed the product to move quickly from one worker to the next 3. Workers used machines • Transportation changed with roads and canals. New ships like “clipper ships” made traveling faster

• The first steam powered train ran in England 1829. The next year the American locomotive, Tom Thumb, lost a race against a horse. In 1840 there were 3, 000 miles or railroad track. By 1860, there were 31, 000 miles. Railroads and Canals moved people in the US. Clipper Ships moved people to the US • Telegraph-a device the used electric signals to send messages helped spread communication through the growing country • Samuel Morse-developed “Morse Code”- a system of sending coded messages instantly along electric wires. BY 1852 there were 23, 000 miles of telegraph lines • In farming- new inventions led to more crops being harvested

Lesson 2 - People of the North • Factories of the North • Growth of Cities

Factories of the North • Working conditions were bad as the factory system grew • Long hours 1840 average hours • Machines had moving parts and long hours meant workers were not as focused and many accidents occurred • Summers and winter weather • No safety laws • Child labor- children who worked, worked 12 hours a day for 6 days • Skilled workers formed trade unions-groups of workers with the same skill joining together • This way they can ask for hire wages or limit to their hours. If they weren’t given what they wanted they could go on strike-refusal to work • Slavery had mostly disappeared in the North but there was still discrimination and prejudice like not being able to vote or go to public schools • Women were often paid half of what men were paid

Growth of Cities • Factories drew workers which led to Northern cities growing • St. Louis, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Louisville were all cities near rivers that connected farmers to the cities of the east • Between 1840 and 1860 immigration grew, mostly from Ireland. In Ireland there was a potato famine (shortage of food), a million died and 1. 5 million left, mostly coming to the US. The second largest group came from Germany • Immigrants faced prejudice from nativist- native born Americans who saw immigrants as a threat to American society or workers

Lesson 3 -Southern Cotton Kingdom • Rise of Cotton • Southern Industry

Rise of Cotton/ Southern Industry • The cotton gin grew the slave trade and the land needed to keep up with demand • Because of this need for land, industry and factories grew more slowly in the South. Also, enslaved people did not need manufactured goods so there was no demand for industry • The lack of industry and growth also led to less transportation options • By 1860 only 1/3 of all railroad lines were in the South

Lesson 4 People of the South • Southern Agriculture • Lives of Enslaved People • Southern Cities

Southern Agriculture • Not all white people owned slaves. There were four categories of white people • Yeoman-most white people in the south, small farmers, not plantations, owned little or no slaves • Tenant farmers-rented land farmed the land • Rural poor • Plantation owners

Lives of Enslaved People • In plantations, many slaves married and had children but they were always scared that the owner could separate the family. Relatives stepped in to raise children if the parents were gone • 1808 Congress banned the import of slaves from other countries. By 1860 almost all slaves were from the US. They kept some of their African culture but made it unique to America like music and they embraced Christianity. • Slave Codes-laws to control slaves like not being able to gather in large groups or to learn to read or write • Slaves sometimes rebelled like Nat Turner and followers who killed 55 whites • Other slaves tried to fight back by doing things like working slow or damaging equipment • Escaped slave Harriett Tubman helped make a network of “safe houses” owned by people who opposed slavery. Slaves escaped through the network known as the “Underground Railroad”

Southern Cities • Atlanta, New Orleans were large growing cities • Schools were spread a part and many people couldn’t go to school because everything was spread out. Because of this the literacy (ability to read and write) in the South was lower then the North