Ch 8 Rotational Kinematics Rotational Motion and Angular

Ch 8. Rotational Kinematics Rotational Motion and Angular Displacement Angular displacement: When a rigid body rotates about a fixed axis, the angular displacements is the angle swept out by a line passing through any point on the body and intersecting the axis of rotation perpendicularly. By convention, the angular displacement is positive if it is counterclockwise and negative if it is clockwise. SI Unit of Angular Displacement: radian (rad) 1

Angular displacement is expressed in one of three units: 1. Degree degree) (1 full turn 3600 2. Revolution (rev) RPM 3. Radian (rad) SI unit 2

(in radians) For 1 full rotation, 3

Example 1. Adjacent Synchronous Satellites Synchronous satellites are put into an orbit whose radius is r = 4. 23*107 m. The orbit is in the plane of the equator, and two adjacent satellites have an angular separation of. Find the arc length s. 4

5

Conceptual example 2. A Total Eclipse of the Sun 6

The diameter of the sun is about 400 times greater than that of the moon. By coincidence, the sun is also about 400 times farther from the earth than is the moon. For an observer on earth, compare the angle subtended by the moon to the angle subtended by the sun, and explain why this result leads to a total solar eclipse. Since the angle subtended by the moon is nearly equal to the angle subtended by the sun, the moon blocks most of the sun’s light from reaching the observer’s eyes. 7

Since they are very far apart. 8

9

total eclipse Since the angle subtended by the moon is nearly equal to the angle subtended by the sun, the moon blocks most of the sun’s light from reaching the observer’s eyes. 10

Check Your Understanding 1 Three objects are visible in the night sky. They have the following diameters (in multiples of d and subtend the following angles (in multiples of q� 0) at the eye of the observer. Object A has a diameter of 4 d and subtends an angle of 2 q� 0. Object B has a diameter of 3 d and subtends an angle of q� 0/2. Object C has a diameter of d/2 and subtends an angle of q� 0/8. Rank them in descending order (greatest first) according to their distance from the observer. 11

B, C, A 12

CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE To define angular velocity, we use two concepts previously encountered. The angular velocity is obtained by combining the angular displacement and the time during which the displacement occurs. Angular velocity is defined in a manner analogous to that used for linear velocity. Taking advantage of this analogy between the two types of velocities will help us understand rotational motion. 13

DEFINITION OF AVERAGE ANGULAR VELOCITY SI Unit of Angular Velocity: radian per second (rad/s) 14

Example 3. Gymnast on a High Bar A gymnast on a high bar swings through two revolutions in a time of 1. 90 s. Find the average angular velocity (in rad/s) of the gymnast. 15

16

Instantaneous angular velocity is the angular velocity that exists at any given instant. The magnitude of the instantaneous angular velocity, without reference to whether it is a positive or negative quantity, is called the instantaneous angular speed. If a rotating object has a constant angular velocity, the instantaneous value and the average value are the same. 17

In linear motion, a changing velocity means that an acceleration is occurring. Such is also the case in rotational motion; a changing angular velocity means that an angular acceleration is occurring. CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE The idea of angular acceleration describes how rapidly or slowly the angular velocity changes during a given time interval. 18

DEFINITION OF AVERAGE ANGULAR ACCELERATION SI Unit of Average Angular Acceleration: radian per second squared (rad/s 2) The instantaneous angular acceleration is the angular acceleration at a given instant. 19

Example 4. A Jet Revving Its Engines A jet awaiting clearance for takeoff is momentarily stopped on the runway. As seen from the front of one engine, the fan blades are rotating with an angular velocity of – 110 rad/s, where the negative sign indicates a clockwise rotation. As the plane takes off, the angular velocity of the blades reaches – 330 rad/s in a time of 14 s. Find the average angular velocity, assuming that the orientation of the rotating object is given by…. . 20

The Equations of Rotational Kinematics 21

In example 4, assume that the orientation of the rotating object is given by q� 0 = 0 rad at time t 0 = 0 s. Then, the angular displacement becomes Dq� = q� – q� 0 = q�, and the time interval becomes Dt = t – t 0 = t. 22

The Equations of Kinematics for Rational and Linear Motion Rotational Motion (a = constant) Linear Motion (a = constant) 23

Symbols Used in Rotational and Linear Kinematics Rotational Motion Quantity Linear. Motion q� 0 Displacement Initial velocity Final velocity Acceleration Time x v 0 v a t t 24

Example 5. Blending with a Blender The blades of an electric blender are whirling with an angular velocity of +375 rad/s while the “puree” button is pushed in. When the “blend” button is pressed, the blades accelerate and reach a greater angular velocity after the blades have rotated through an angular displacement of +44. 0 rad (seven revolutions). The angular acceleration has a constant value of +1740 rad/s 2. Find the final angular velocity of the blades. 25

q� a +44. 0 rad +1740 rad/s 2 w ? w 0 t +375 rad/s 26

Check Your Understanding 2 The blades of a ceiling fan start from rest and, after two revolutions, have an angular speed of 0. 50 rev/s. The angular acceleration of the blades is constant. What is the angular speed after eight revolutions? What can be found next? 27

after eight revolution, 1. 0 rev/s 28

Angular Variables and Tangential Variables For every individual skater, the vector is drawn tangent to the appropriate circle and, therefore, is called the tangential velocity v. T. The magnitude of the tangential velocity is referred to as the tangential speed. 29

If time is measured relative to t 0 = 0 s, the definition of linear acceleration is given by Equation 2. 4 as a. T = (v. T – v. T 0)/t, where v. T and v. T 0 are the final and initial tangential speeds, respectively. 30

Example 6. A Helicopter Blade A helicopter blade has an angular speed of = 6. 50 rev/s and an angular acceleration of = 1. 30 rev/s 2. For points 1 and 2 on the blade, find the magnitudes of (a) the tangential speeds and (b) the tangential accelerations. 31

(a) (b) 32

Centripetal Acceleration and Tangential Acceleration (centripetal acceleration) 33

The centripetal acceleration can be expressed in terms of the angular speed by using v. T = r While the tangential speed is changing, the motion is called nonuniform circular motion. Since the direction and the magnitude of the tangential velocity are both changing, the airplane experiences two acceleration components simultaneously. a. T a. C 34

Check Your Understanding 3 The blade of a lawn mower is rotating at an angular speed of 17 rev/s. The tangential speed of the outer edge of the blade is 32 m/s. What is the radius of the blade? 0. 30 m 35

Example 7. A Discus Thrower Discus throwers often warm up by standing with both feet flat on the ground and throwing the discus with a twisting motion of their bodies. A top view of such a warm -up throw. Starting from rest, the thrower accelerates the discus to a final angular velocity of +15. 0 rad/s in a time of 0. 270 s before releasing it. During the acceleration, the discus moves on a circular arc of radius 0. 810 m. 36

Find (a) the magnitude a of the total acceleration of the discus just before it is released and (b) the angle f that the total acceleration makes with the radius at this moment. (a) 37

(b) 38

Check Your Understanding 4 A rotating object starts from rest and has a constant angular acceleration. Three seconds later the centripetal acceleration of a point on the object has a magnitude of 2. 0 m/s 2. What is the magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of this point six seconds after the motion begins? 39

after six second, (=0) 40

at six second 8. 0 m/s 2 41

Rolling Motion 42

Linear speed Tangential speed, v. T Linear Tangential acceleration, a. T acceleration 43

Example 8. An Accelerating Car An automobile starts from rest and for 20. 0 s has a constant linear acceleration of 0. 800 m/s 2 to the right. During this period, the tires do not slip. The radius of the tires is 0. 330 m. At the end of the 20. 0 -s interval, what is the angle through which each wheel has rotated? 44

w ? – 2. 42 rad/s 2 w 0 t 0 rad/s 20. 0 s 45

The Vector Nature of Angular Variables Right-Hand Rule Grasp the axis of rotation with your right hand, so that your fingers circle the axis in the same sense as the rotation. Your extended thumb points along the axis in the direction of the angular velocity vector. Angular acceleration arises when the angular velocity changes, and the acceleration vector also points along the axis of rotation. The acceleration vector has the same direction as the change in the angular velocity. 46

Concepts & Calculations Example 9. Riding a Mountain Bike A rider on a mountain bike is traveling to the left. Each wheel has an angular velocity of +21. 7 rad/s, where, as usual, the plus sign indicates that the wheel is rotating in the counterclockwise direction. 47

(a) To pass another cyclist, the rider pumps harder, and the angular velocity of the wheels increases from +21. 7 to +28. 5 rad/s in a time of 3. 50 s. (b) After passing the cyclist, the rider begins to coast, and the angular velocity of the wheels decreases from +28. 5 to +15. 3 rad/s in a time of 10. 7 s. In both instances, determine the magnitude and direction of the angular acceleration (assumed constant) of the wheels. (a) The angular acceleration is positive (counterclockwise). 48

(b) The angular acceleration is negative (clockwise). 49

Concepts & Calculations Example 10. A Circular Roadway and the Acceleration of Your Car 50

Suppose you are driving a car in a counterclockwise direction on a circular road whose radius is r = 390 m (see Figure 8. 20). You look at the speedometer and it reads a steady 32 m/s (about 72 mi/h). (a) What is the angular speed of the car? (b) Determine the acceleration (magnitude and direction) of the car. (c) To avoid a rear-end collision with a vehicle ahead, you apply the brakes and reduce your angular speed to 4. 9 × 10– 2 rad/s in a time of 4. 0 s. What is the tangential acceleration (magnitude and direction) of the car? (a) 51

(b) (c) 52

Problem 5 REASONING AND SOLUTION Using Equation 8. 4 and the appropriate conversion factors, the average angular acceleration of the CD in rad/s 2 is The magnitude of the average angular acceleration is 6. 4 × 10 -3 rad/s 2 53

Problem 7 REASONING AND SOLUTION Equation 8. 4 gives the desired result. Assuming t 0 = 0 s, the final angular velocity is 54

Problem 13 REASONING AND SOLUTION The baton will make four revolutions in a time t given by Half of this time is required for the baton to reach its highest point. The magnitude of the initial vertical velocity of the baton is then 55

With this initial velocity the baton can reach a height of 56

Problem 14 REASONING AND SOLUTION The figure above shows the relevant angles and dimensions for either one of the celestial bodies under consideration. 57

a. Using the figure above -3 -3 58

b. Since the sun subtends a slightly larger angle than the moon, as measured by a person standing on the earth, the sun cannot be completely blocked by the moon. Therefore, . c. The relevant geometry is shown below. 59

The apparent circular area of the sun as measured by a person standing on the earth is given by: , where Rsun is the radius of the sun. The apparent circular area of the sun that is blocked by the moon is , where Rb is shown in the figure above. Also from the figure above, it follows that Rsun = (1/2) ssun and Rb = (1/2) sb Therefore, the fraction of the apparent circular area of the sun that is blocked by the moon is The moon blocks out 95. 1 percent of the apparent circular area 60 of the sun.

Problem 17 REASONING AND SOLUTION Since the angular speed of the fan decreases, the sign of the angular acceleration must be opposite to the sign for the angular velocity. Taking the angular velocity to be positive, the angular acceleration, therefore, must be a negative quantity. Using Equation 8. 4 we obtain 61

Problem 21 REASONING Equation 8. 8 from the equations of rotational kinematics can be employed to find the final angular velocity . The initial angular velocity is 0 = 0 rad/s since the top is initially at rest, and the angular acceleration is given as = 12 rad/s 2. The angle θ (in radians) through which the pulley rotates is not given, but it can be obtained from Equation 8. 1 (θ = s/r ), where the arc length s is the 64 -cm length of the string and r is the 2. 0 -cm radius of the top. SOLUTION Solving Equation 8. 8 for the final angular velocity gives 62

We choose the positive root, because the angular acceleration is given as positive and the top is at rest initially. Substituting θ = s/r from Equation 8. 1 gives 63

Problem 29 REASONING AND SOLUTION Equation 8. 9 gives the desired result -3 64

Problem 39 REASONING Since the car is traveling with a constant speed, its tangential acceleration must be zero. The radial or centripetal acceleration of the car can be found from Equation 5. 2. Since the tangential acceleration is zero, the total acceleration of the car is equal to its radial acceleration. SOLUTION a. Using Equation 5. 2, we find that the car’s radial acceleration, and therefore its total acceleration, is 65

b The direction of the car’s total acceleration is the same as the direction of its radial acceleration. That is, the direction is 66

Problem 42 REASONING The drawing shows a top view of the race car as it travels around the circular turn. Its acceleration a has two perpendicular components: a centripetal acceleration ac that arises because the car is moving on a circular path and a tangential acceleration a. T due to the fact that the car has an angular acceleration and its angular velocity is increasing. 67

We can determine the magnitude of the centripetal acceleration from Equation 8. 11 as ac = r 2, since both r and are given in the statement of the problem. As the drawing shows, we can use trigonometry to determine the magnitude a of the total acceleration, since the angle (35. 0 ) between a and ac is given. SOLUTION Since the vectors ac and a are one side and the hypotenuse of a right triangle, we have that 68

The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration is given by Equation 8. 11 as ac = r 2, so the magnitude of the total acceleration is 69

Problem 46 REASONING AND SOLUTION a. If the wheel does not slip, a point on the rim rotates about the axle with a speed v. T = v = 15. 0 m/s For a point on the rim = v. T/r = (15. 0 m/s)/(0. 330 m) = b. v. T = r = (0. 175 m)(45. 5 rad/s) = 70

Problem 50 REASONING The angle through which the tire rotates is equal to its average angular velocity multiplied by the elapsed time t, q = t. According to Equation 8. 6, this angle is related to the initial and final angular velocities of the tire by The tire is assumed to roll at a constant angular velocity, so that 0 = and q = t. Since the tire is rolling, its angular speed is related to its linear speed v by Equation 8. 12, v = r , where r is the radius of the tire. The angle of rotation then becomes 71

The time t that it takes for the tire to travel a distance x is equal to t = x/v, according to Equation 2. 1. Thus, the angle that the tire rotates through is SOLUTION Since 1 rev = 2 p rad, the angle (in revolutions) is 72

Problem 51 73

REASONING Assuming that the belt does not slip on the platter or the shaft pulley, the tangential speed of points on the platter and shaft pulley must be equal; therefore, SOLUTION Solving the above expression for gives 74

Problem 60 REASONING AND SOLUTION a. The tangential acceleration of the train is given by Equation 8. 10 as The centripetal acceleration of the train is given by Equation 8. 11 as 75

The magnitude of the total acceleration is found from the Pythagorean theorem to be b. The total acceleration vector makes an angle relative to the radial acceleration of 76

Problem 67 REASONING AND SOLUTION By inspection, the distance traveled by the "axle" or the center of the moving quarter is 77

where r is the radius of the quarter. The distance d traveled by the "axle" of the moving quarter must be equal to the circular arc length s along the outer edge of the quarter. This arc length is , where is the angle through which the quarter rotates. Thus, so that . This is equivalent to 78