Warm Up n What was the JamesLange Theory

Warm Up n What was the James-Lange Theory? n What was the Cannon Bard Theory? n What was the Schacter Theory? n What is a polygraph? n What is Catharsis? n What is the feel- good, do –good Phenomenon? n What is Subjective Well Being?

What Makes you Stressed?

Chapter 14 pt. 2: Stress and Health Continued n

Persistent Day to Day Stress May Lead to Burnout n Burnout: physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion brought on by persistent job-related stress. n Often common in teachers, nurses, and police officers.

Stress and Heart Disease n Although relatively rare in 1900, by the 1950 s coronary heart disease has become the leading cause of death in America. n Coronary Heart Disease: when vessels of heart are clogged which stops heart muscles from being nourished. n Many behavioral factors help contribute to this disease but stress is also a major factor.

Hopelessness and Heart Disease Hopelessness scores 3. 5 3 2. 5 Men who feel extreme hopelessness are at greater risk for heart attacks and early death 2 1. 5 1 0. 5 0 Heart attack Low risk Death Moderate risk High risk

Personality Type and Heart Disease n Type A Personality: competitive, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone people. n Type B Personality: easy-going and relaxed people. n Whose at greater risk for heart disease?

Stress Related Illnesses n Psychophysiological Illnesses: “mind-body” illnesses. Physical illnesses caused by stress. n Ex: Hypertension and some headaches. n Blood pressure also increased by too much stress. n Are also referred to as Psychosomatic disorders.

Somatoform Disorders (Not In Book) n Somatoform Disorder: illnesses where you have some physical symptoms without an apparent physical cause. Illnesses are said to be psychological in nature. n Theories about causes of somatoform disorders are often rooted in psychoanalytic theory. n Illnesses are often referred to as “Hysteria. ”

Examples of Somatoform Disorders n Conversion: when a person converts intense emotional difficulties into the loss of a specific physiological function. n Ex: blindness or paralysis without a physical cause. n Symptoms often have sudden onsets, terminations, and reappearances. n Behavior is unintentional and outside of the conscious control of the patient.

Examples of Somatoform Disorders n Hypochondriasis: is when a healthy person becomes preoccupied with imaginary ailments. Person is genuinely convinced they are ill. n Often associated with OCD and anxiety disorders

Examples of Somatoform Disorders n Factitious Disorder: an illness whose symptoms are either self-induced or falsified by the patient. n Sometimes patients lie about disorder to get attention or sympathy; others are often interested in receiving drugs Factitious or other benefits associated Ulcer with the feigned illness.

Fighting Disease With Immune System n Lymphocytes: n Main defender against disease in immune system made up of two types of white blood cells. n B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections n T lymphocytes form in the thymus and, among other duties, attack cancer cells, viruses and foreign substances

Fighting Disease with Immune System n Macrophage: other agent of immune system which identifies, pursues, and ingests harmful invaders.

Problems with Immune System n Immune System can either react too strongly or under react to harmful bodies. n Over-reaction causes body to attack its own tissues. Ex: arthritis, allergies, lupus, M. S. n Under-reaction causes harmful bodies to spread. Ex: cancer n Stress can divert energy away from the immune system making illnesses more likely.

Conditioning the Immune System n Experiments UCS (drug) UCR (immune suppression) CS (sweetened water) UCS (drug) UCR (immune suppression) have been conducted illustrating power to condition the immune system to respond in certain ways.

Negative Emotions in General Have Negative Health Risks Heart disease Persistent stessors and negative emotions Unhealthy behaviors (smoking, drinking, poor nutrition and sleep) Release of stress hormones Immune suppression Autonomic nervous system effects (headaches, hypertension)

Promoting Health n Aerobic Exercise has positive psychological and physical benefits. n Increases heart and lung fitness and may also help alleviate depression and anxiety. Depression 14 score 13 No-treatment group 12 11 10 Relaxation treatment group 9 8 7 6 Aerobic exercise group 5 4 3 Before treatment. After treatment evaluation

Using Biofeedback to Improve Health n Biofeedback: system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state like blood pressure and muscle tension.

Promoting Health n. A strong social network which offers support strongly promotes health during an illness and when healthy. % with high support

Promoting Health n. Spirituality and Faith Communities has a strong correlation with positive health and enhancing medical treatment. n. Possible reasons behind correlation with religion?

Promoting Health n Smoking is a lifestyle decision that offers serious health risks. Number of deaths per 100, 000 33, 348 1, 686 1, 135 Smoking Suicide Vehicle crash 556 202 HIV/ Homicide AIDS Cause of death

Smoking and Stress

Weight and Health Risks n Review Biological Influences on Weight: n Body Chemistry influences? – Hunger Hormones – Hypothalamus issues n Genetic Influences? – Set Point – Metabolism

Weight and Discrimination 7 n When 6 Willingness to hire scale (from 1: 5 definitely not hire to 4 7: definitely hire) 3 2 1 0 Women Normal Men Overweight women applicants were made to look overweight, subjects were less willing to hire

Long Term Weight Loss Is Difficult 10 Weight 5 change in pounds 0 Starting point Normal trend for untreated obese people: Gradually rising weight -5 -10 -15 -20 After participation in behavioral Program: Much of initial weight Loss regained Post treatment 1 2 3 Years of follow-up 4 5

Correlation with TV and Obesity Skinfold fat measure (mm) 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 <2 2 -3 >4 Hours of television watched per day in 1990 s study Boys Girls

Overview of Healthy and Unhealthy Tendencies Life events Personal appraisal Challenge Threat Easy going Nondepressed Optimistic Nonsmoking Regular exercise Good nutrition Personality type Personality habits Hostile Depressed Pessimistic Smoking Sedentary Poor nutrition Level of social support Close, enduring Lacking Tendency toward Health Illness

Apply these terms/questions to an episode of the Office