Unit 3 Cover Page Must have colored Picture

Unit 3 Cover Page (Must have colored Picture): Phrases and Clauses TABS: DARTS, NOTES, WRITING For my favorite freshman

DARTS: I Can: 1. Distinguish between types of phrases. 2. Use and understand the functions of verbals (participles, gerunds, infinitives) in context. 3. Use phrases to join sentences and add detail.

Phrase: • A group of words that work together to express meaning but that do not include a subject and a verb. • There are several kinds of phrases: • Prepositional adverbial • Appositive adjectival • Participial • Gerund • infinitive

1. Prepositional Phrases Consists of a preposition and a noun or pronoun, called the object of the preposition. Ex: // Over their heads, until dark, after the baseball game APPLICATION 1: Use at least five prepositional phrases to describe your plans for the weekend.

2. Adjectival Phrases A prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun by telling what kind or which one. Adjectives Adjectival Phrases A beautiful painting hung in the palace. A painting of great beauty hung in the palace. (What kind of painting? ) Mary had a paperbag lunch. Mary had a lunch from a paperbag. (What kind of lunch? )

Application 2: Rewrite the following sentences by adding adjective phrases to make them more descriptive and informative. 1. I gave the people a tour. 2. France is a country. 3. The store has posters.

Adverbial Phrases A prepositional that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb by pointing out where, why, when, in what way, or to what extent. Modifying a verb The ball rolled across the floor. Modifying an adj belief. Charlie was annoyed beyond Modifying an adverb his mind. He buried the thought deep in

Application 3: Write a sentence with an adverbial phrase that answers each question: Where? Why? When? In what way? To what extent?

Assignment: Page 359—Practice 15. 1 A and 15. 1 B WRITING: Describe your bedroom Using at least eight prepositional Phrases. Draw your room illustrating The phrases, color it, and then label Them.

DARTS: I can: 1. Identify, use, and understand appositives and appositive phrases. 2. Combine sentences using appositive phrases.

4. Appositive • The term appositive comes from a Latin verb that means “to put near or next to. ” • A group of words that identifies, renames, or explains a noun or pronoun. Ex: // The home team, the Jaguars, won the game.

Nonessential (Non-restrictive) /Essential (Restrictive) Commas are used when appositives are nonessential. In other words, the appositives could be taken out of the sentences without changing the meaning of it. Non=Not (Not changing) Commas are not used when they are essential (important) to the meaning of the sentence. Ex: //The artist Monet was a French painter.

EXAMPLES OF ESSENTIAL AND NONESSENTIAL --We watched The Wizard of Oz, my favorite movie, on TV last night. --We watched The Wizard of Oz on TV last night. If you omit the appositive my favorite movie, you can still tell which movie I mean. Because the appositive is not needed to identify which movie, it is nonessential and set off with commas.

Which appositive is essential or nonessential and where should commas be placed? My sister Blake is a fine athlete. She graduated from UK a fine school.

Appositive Phrases A noun or pronoun with modifiers that adds information by identifying, renaming, or explaining a noun or pronoun. Appositives and appositive phrases may follow nouns or pronouns used in almost any role within a sentence. Ex: // She explained numismatics, the hobby of coin collecting.

Roles of Appositive Phrases in Sentences Identifying a Subject Ernest Hemingway, a famous author, wrote in terse style. Identifying a Direct Object The chef prepared lasagna, an Italian dish. Identifying an Indirect Object I brought my brother, a boy of six, a souvenir from my trip. Identifying Object Complement I chose the color purple, an unusual color for a house. Identifying Predicate Nominative My favorite food is cassoulet, a hearty stew. Identifying Object of a Preposition Store the onions in the cellar, a cool, dry place.

Application 4: Recreate the chart you made on “Roles of appositive phrases in sentences. ” In your chart, replace each sentence with one of your own. Make sure your examples fulfill the functions described in the chart. Use commas to set off nonessential appositives. Use two different highlighters to highlight the word that the appositive phrase identifies and the appositive phrase.

Compound Appositives Examples: The entire team—guards, forwards, and centers-practiced together. All computers, desktops and laptops, are on sale this month. I used my favorite colors—pink and lavender—to make the quilt.

Assignment: Practice 15. 1 C and 15. 1 D on page 363. Do as the directions say. WRITING 2: Write a piece centered around the actions of a single character. You may write a story about that character, or you may write a piece of information text that is written by that character. Include at least 10 appositives correctly used and punctuated in context. You must use both essential (no commas) and nonessential (commas) appositives in your writing. Your appositives must be underlined.

DARTS: I CAN: Identify, use, and understand verbal phrases, including participles.

VERBAL …When a verb is used as a noun, adjective, or an adverb. Although a “verbal” does not function as verb, it retains two characteristics of verbs: 1) It can be modified in different ways, and 2) It can have one or more complements.

Brainstorm a list of Present Tense Verbs… • EX: // Limping and Aching • Drinking Singing • Moving • Thinking • Writing

Now, add words that your participles could modify… • Limping hiker • Aching head • Drinking child • Moving person • Thinking brain • Writing hand Singing girl

Write three sentences using your new “Participial phrases” • The limping hiker favored his aching head. • The smiling baby was photogenic. • The playing dog was very energetic. • The hurting worker had swelling bones. • The yawning mouth shows he is sleepy.

5. PARTICIPLE All of the phrases you just wrote are PARTICIPLE PHRASES!!! A Participle is a form of a verb that can act as an ADJECTIVE. **VERB or PARTICIPLE? ? ? --A verb shows an action, condition, or fact that something exists. --A participle acting as an adjective describes a noun or pronoun. ACTING AS VERB The dog is snarling at the plumber. attacked the ACTING AS PARTICIPLE The snarling dog plumber.

PARTICIPIAL PHRASE A participle modified by an adverb or adverbial phrase or accompanied by a complement. The entire phrase acts as an ADJECTIVE. Traveling quickly, we completed the trip in two hours. Avoiding stops, we completed the trip in two hours. **The participial is always preceded or followed by a NOUN!!!!!! BECAUSE it is an ADJECTIVE…. And ADJECTIVES DESCRIBE NOUNS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

PAINTING WITH PARTICIPLES • • Sentence with no participles: The toddler cried on the kitchen floor. Sentence with two ing participles: Kicking and screaming, the toddler cried on the kitchen floor. • Sentence with two ing participial phrases: • Kicking the white tiles, screaming for a cookie, the toddler cried on the kitchen floor.

WHERE DO PARTICIPLES GO? • Participles can begin a sentence: Chasing a tennis ball, the Golden Retriever barreled across the backyard. • Participles can interrupt a sentence: The Golden Retriever, chasing a tennis ball, barreled across the backyard. • Participles can end a sentence: The Golden Retriever barreled across the backyard, chasing a

PUNCTUATION OF PARTICIPLES Participial phrases are always set off by punctuation, usually commas: • The weatherman, pointing anxiously at a colorful radar map, predicted flash floods.

IDENTIFY PARTICIPLES FROM LITERATURE: • Pedaling rapidly down the path, Jonas felt oddly proud to have joined those who took the pills. —Lois Lowry, The Giver • Then, propping the hatchet in a crack in the rock wall, he had pulled the head of his spear against it, carving a thin piece off each time, until the thick end tapered down to a needle point. —Gary Paulsen, Hatchet

ARRANGE PARTICIPLES FROM LITERATURE: Create a sentence. Write the sentence, punctuating correctly, and underline and label the participial phrases. • • • in the rear sat dressed not in his usual two-piece suit feeling ridiculous Artemis but in normal teenager clothing

CHECK YOURSELF: • Artemis sat in the rear, feeling ridiculous, dressed not in his usual two-piece suit, but in normal teenager clothing. —Eoin Colfer, Artemis Fowl: The Opal Deception

IMITATE PARTICIPLES: Write a sentence about a different subject, imitating the structure of the model sentence. Underline and label the participial phrases. • The little bag was made of faded green material, gathered at the top with a black string. —Jeanne Du. Prau, The City of Ember

IMITATE THE PARTICIPLES: Combine the sentences below to make one sentence with a participial phrase. Underline and label the participial phrase. • Argon heaved a massive sigh. + • Argon rested his hands on both knees.

• Argon heaved a massive sigh, resting his hands on both knees. —Eoin Colfer, Artemis Fowl: The Opal Deception

EXPAND WITH PARTICIPLES: Write the sentence below, filling in the blanks with participial phrases. Underline and label each participial phrase. • ________, the river was a brute force, ___________________. —Christopher Paolini, Eragon

Compose With Participles: • In response to the following picture prompts, write at least two sentences with participial phrases. Underline and label each participial phrase.

ASSIGNMENT • Page 367—Practice 15. 1 E and 15. 1 F • Do as the directions say

DARTS: • I can identify, use, and understand gerunds and gerund phrases. • I can identify, use, and understand infinitives and infinitive phrases.

6. GERUND A form of a verb that ends in –ing and acts as a NOUN. FUNCTIONS OF GERUNDS SUBJECT Skiing is my favorite pastime. DIRECT OBJECT This Italian food makes eating a pleasure. INDIRECT OBJECT Ms. Anders’ lecture gave traveling a new dimension. PREDICATE NOMINATIVE My dad’s favorite activity is fishing. OBJECT of A PREPOSITION His dog showed signs of careful training. APPOSITIVE Brady’s profession, advertising, is very competitive.

PRACTICE… SPORTS skiing swi mming fishing golfing

Now, use gerunds to fill out a cluster diagram with your hobbies.

Verb? Participle? Or Gerund? Words ending in –ing that act as nouns are called gerunds. Unlike verbs ending in –ing, gerunds do not have helping verbs. Unlike participles ending in –ing, they do not act as adjectives. Verb Kevin is yawning at his desk. Participle The yawning boy was very tired. Gerund Yawning is contagious.

GERUND PHRASE A gerund phrase consists of a gerund and one or more modifiers or a complement. These phrases act together as a noun. With Adjectives Solo flying is not for beginners. With an Adverb Answering quickly is not always a good idea. With a Prep Phrase Many places in the city prohibit walking on the grass. With a DO With an IO & DO praise. Pierre was incapable of reciting the poem. The algebra teacher tried giving her students

Do You Understand? ? ? 1. Which of the following begins with an introductory participial phrase? • His father, a successful engineer, founded the company. • Now highly successful, the electronics company was founded by his father. • Founded by his father, the electronics company is successful. 2. How is the following verb used in the sentence? As a verb, participial, or gerund? Let’s go dancing at the studio tonight. 3. How is the following verb used in the sentence? As a verb, participial, or gerund?

7. INFINITIVES A form of a verb that generally appears with the word to in front of it and acts as a noun, adjective, or an adverb.

How are INFINITIVES used? ? ? AS NOUNS AS MODIFIERS Subject To understand life requires maturity and acceptance. Adjective The children showed a willingness to cooperate. DO The peasants decided to rebel. PN The soldier’s only hope was to surrender. Appositive You have one choice, to stay. Adverb Some people were unable to fight.

Note about Infinitives Without to: Sometimes infinitives do not include the word to. When an infinitive follows one of the eight verbs listed below, the to is generally omitted. However, it may be understood. Dare help make see hear let please watch

INFINITIVE PHRASE Consists of an infinitive and its modifiers, complements, or subject, all acting together as a single part of speech. EX: // Jeffrey’s family likes to eat early. To skate on the ice is not easy. He hated to leave New York City.

ASSIGNMENT: Page 372—Exercise 15. 1 G, Page 373—Exercise 15. 1 I and Exercise 15. 1 J WRITING APPLICATION 4: Look at the original “Dear Abby” letter and rewrite it to make the text more concise and to include infinitives—at least 8 of them: Please help me. I’m seventeen years old, and my mother treats me like I’m five. She likes to make my bed in the morning, choose my clothes, and kiss me goodbye when I leave for school. When I come home, she wants to fix me a snack and talk about my day. I love her, but she’s loving me to death. I want her to stop treating me like a small child. I need some more independence. When I try telling her this, she cries. – A loving ____ who needs more space.

CLAUSES

DARTS: I can: 1. Recognize and use independent and dependent (subordinate) clauses. 2. Distinguish between the types of dependent clauses. 3. Understand how to punctuate clauses.

CLAUSES MOST IMPORTANT RULE: In order to be a clause, a group of words MUST contain a subject and a verb. TWO BASIC KINDS OF CLAUSES: 1. Independent—can stand alone as sentences Ex: //Ms. Anders teaches English, and her friend teaches history. 2. Dependent—although it has a subject and a verb, cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. Ex: //Unless the rain stops soon, the river will flood those houses.

Adjectival Clauses -A dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun in another clause by telling what kind or which one. Adjective clause begins with one of these relative pronouns: That, which, whom, whose adverbs: or one of these relative Before, since, when, where, why Ex: //I finished reading the book that you loaned me.

Essential and Nonessential Adjectival Clauses Nonessential Clauses One of Dicken’s best characters is Charles Darnay, who is a main character in A Tale of Two Cities. Jean Mc. Curdy, who studied hard every evening for a month, won the statewide competition. Essential Clauses The novel that everyone must read by Monday promises to be very exciting. A student who studies regularly usually finds test-taking easy.

RESTRICTIVE AND NON-RESTRICTIVE Restrictive (Same as Essential) --It tells which one of the noun you are writing about. --It is not separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. -The relative pronoun that always begins a restrictive clause Non-Restrictive (Same as Nonessential -A clause is nonrestrictive if we know exactly who is being written about without it. -Proper nouns are usually followed by a non-restrictive clause. -The relative pronoun which often begins a nonrestrictive clause

PRACTICE ESSENTIAL/NONESSENTIAL 1. Mr. Harris who is a friend of my parents came to our house on Thanksgiving. RESTRICTIVE/ NON-RESTRICTIVE 2. We stayed at a castle where a ghost is said to still appear. RESTRICTIVE/NON-RESTRICTIVE 3. On her website are Tracy’s newest photographs which she took in Northern Spain. RESTRICTIVE/NON-RESTRICTIVE 4. Those students who got good report cards will be on the honor roll. RESTRICTIVE/NON-RESTRICTIVE

Did You Get The Correct? 1. Mr. Harris who is a friend of my parents came to our house on Thanksgiving. RESTRICTIVE/ NON-RESTRICTIVE 2. We stayed at a castle where a ghost is said to still appear. RESTRICTIVE/NON-RESTRICTIVE 1. On her website are Tracy’s newest photographs which she took in Northern Spain. RESTRICTIVE/NON-RESTRICTIVE 2. Those students who got good report cards will be on the honor roll. RESTRICTIVE/NON-RESTRICTIVE

Assignments: 1. Write down the definitions for Restrictive and Nonrestrictive clauses in your notes. (Page 378) 2. Page 379: 15. 2 A and 15. 2 B (Follow Directions) 3. Page 381: 15. 2 E

MORE PRACTICE… Parts of a Good Newspaper Article 1. Headline-Short attention getting statetment 2. Byline-Tells who wrote the story 3. Explanation—Other facts or details the reader might need to know. 4. Additional Information-Least important information WRITING Write a newspaper article about Romeo’s banishment from Verona. (It must include all parts of a good newspaper article) Also, it must include 5 restrictive clauses and 5 unrestrictive clauses. HIGHLIGHT them in different colors in your paper.

TEST PRACTICE: 1. Read the paragraph on page 382 of your grammar book. 2. Answer AND justify questions 1 -4.

Answers to Page 382: 1. C—Delete the commas after dish and before 2. G—Delete the comma after foods 3. C—Friends who visit us on ethnic night never know what we will serve them. 4. J—There is one rule: everyone must at least try each of the courses we serve.

Relative Pronouns --connect adjective clauses to the words they modify and act as subjects, direct objects, objects of prepositions, or adjectives in the dependent clauses. To tell how a relative pronoun is used within a clause, separate the clause from the rest of the sentence, and find the subject and verb in the clause. Ex: //Mario, whom my sister met at college, is a poet. (Direct object) (reworded clause: my sister met whom at college)

Relative Adverbs --connect adjective clauses to the words they modify and act as adverbs in the clauses. Ex: //Pat yearned for the day when she could walk without crutches.

Adverbial Clauses --modify verbs, adjectives, adverbs, or verbals by telling where, when, in what way, to what extent, under what condition, or why. --begin with subordinating conjunctions and contain subjects and verbs. Ex: //Although it rained, the game was still played.

Subordinating Conjunctions After although because as as if as long as Before even though if than since so that Though unless where until whenever Wherever while Ex: //It rained. They did not go out.

Time for Practice…. Page 386; 15. 2 G and 15. 2 H; AND Writing Application 6: Write one sentence with each of the following adverbial clauses: While I slept; because it was raining; after the show.

Elliptical Adverb Clauses --a clause in which the verb or the subject and verb are understood but not actually stated. Verb Understood: His sister resembles their father more than he [does]. Subject and Verb Understood: His sister resembles their father more than [she resembles] him. **When you read or write elliptical clauses, mentally include the omitted words to clarify the intended meaning.

NOUN CLAUSES --a dependent clause that acts as a noun. It tells what or whom the sentence is about. --In a sentence, a noun clause may act as a subject, direct object, indirect object, predicate nominative, object of a preposition, or appositive. Ex: //Whatever you lost can be found in the office.

Introductory Words in Noun Clauses Functions in Clauses Examples Adjective She could not decide which kitten was her favorite. Adverb We want to know how we should dress. Subject I want the recipe from whoever made that delicious casserole. Direct Object Whatever my supervisor advised, I did. No Function The doctor determined that he had the flu.

Functions of Noun Clauses in Sentences --Note that in the following chart the introductory word that has function except to introduce the Acting as ano Subject Whoever is last must pay theclause. penalty. Acting as a Direct Object Please invite whomever you want to the party. Acting as a Indirect object His manner gave whoever met him a shock. Acting as a Predicate Nominative Our problem is whether we should stay or go. Acting as an Object of a Preposition Use the money for whatever purpose you choose. Acting as an Appositive The occupied country rejected our plea that orphans be cared for by the Red Cross.

PRACTICE TIME…. . Page 391—Practice 15. 2 I AND 15. 2 J Then, WRITING APPLICATION 7: Use this sentence, “What happened next made me a believer, ” and write a paragraph about what happened next using THREE NOUN CLAUSES. Highlight the clauses.

DARTS: 1. I can recognize the four structures of sentences. 2. I can understand how to correctly combine sentences. 3. I can use a variety of correct structures of sentences when speaking and writing.

1. SIMPLE SENTENCE --Contains a single independent or main clause. Its subject, verb, or both may be compound. Ex: //The snow melted. Ed and I checked our answers. The tree rotted and died.

2. COMPOUND SENTENCE --contains two or more independent clauses. The clauses can be joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction or by a semicolon. Ex: A Sotho bride carries a beaded doll at her wedding, and she keeps the doll for a year.

3. COMPLEX SENTENCE Consists of one independent clause and one dependent clause. Ex: No one answered the phone when she called us. The bouquet of flowers that the bride carried didn’t have any roses.

4. Compound-Complex Sentence --consists of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Ex: /The roof leaks when it rains heavily, and we have to repaint the ceilings so that we cover any water stains.

Practice: Page 394, Ex. A and B Ex. 15. 3 A: Write every sentence. Highlight the independent clauses in pink and the dependent clauses in yellow. Highlight commas and coordinating conjunctions in green. Label the sentence under its structure. 15. 3 B: Use each group of words to write the type of sentence indicated. Highlight your independent clauses in pink and dependent clauses in yellow. If your sentence doesn’t match the structure, rewrite it. WRITING APPLICATION: Label each sentence in your paragraph in its structure. How many of each do you have?