The Gravity for the Redefinition of the American

The Gravity for the Redefinition of the American Vertical Datum (GRAV-D) Project Dr. Theresa Diehl Research Geodesist Webinar Given on May 9, 2011

PART I • Overview of the need for and inception of the GRAV-D program • Program goals and plans to achieve them • Current status of program • Near-term plans over the next few fiscal years Now In Part II

Overview of Need for and Inception of the GRAV-D Program

NGS’s Role and Authority on Vertical Datums OMB Circular A-16 (revised)*: • Names DOC and NOAA as “lead agency” for Geodetic Control, and says: • “All NSDI [National Spatial Data Infrastructure] framework data and users' applications data require geodetic control to accurately register spatial data. ” • “The National Spatial Reference System is the fundamental geodetic control for the United States. ” *[originally issued in 1953, revised in 1967 and again in 1990] 4

NGS’s Role and Authority on Vertical Datums OMB Circular A-16 (revised): • Hence, the NSRS responsibility falls to NGS • NGS Mission: “To define, maintain, and provide access to the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS) to meet our nation’s economic, social, and environmental needs” – NSRS includes the horizontal and vertical datums, the national shoreline, and a variety of other components. • www. whitehouse. gov/omb/Circulars/a 016_rev. html 5

NGS’s Role and Authority on Vertical Datums Federal Geodetic Control Subcommittee (FGCS) Federal Register Notice (Vol. 58, No. 120) • Affirms “NAVD 88 as the official civilian vertical datum for surveying and mapping activities in the United States performed or financed by the Federal Government. • “To the extent practicable, legally allowable, and feasible, require that all Federal agencies using or producing vertical height information undertake an orderly transition to NAVD 88. ” • http: //www. ngs. noaa. gov/PUBS_LIB/Fed. Register/FRdoc 93 -14922. pdf 6

NGS’s Role and Authority on Vertical Datums • Summary: – OMB A-16 establishes DOC/NOAA (implying NGS) as lead agency for NSDI geodetic control (the NSRS) – NAVD 88 is the vertical datum of the NSRS – FGCS requires that NAVD 88 heights be used in all civilian federal surveying and mapping • These regulations do not apply to Do. D nor to state and local surveying, but these groups often do adopt NAVD 88 7

What is a Vertical Datum? • Strictly speaking, a vertical datum is a surface representing zero elevation • Traditionally, a vertical datum is a system for the determination of heights above a zero elevation surface • Vertical datum comprised of: – Its definition: Parameters and other descriptors – Its realization: Its physical method of accessibility "topographic map. " Online Art. Britannica Student Encyclopædia. 17 Dec. 2008 <http: //student. britannica. com/ebi/art-53199> 8

History of Vertical Datums in the USA • NAVD 88: North American Vertical Datum of 1988 • Definition: The surface of equal gravity potential to which orthometric heights shall refer in North America*, and which is 6. 271 meters (along the plumb line) below the geodetic mark at “Father Point/Rimouski” (NGSIDB PID TY 5255). • Realization: Over 500, 000 geodetic marks across North America with published Helmert orthometric heights, most of which were originally computed from a minimally constrained adjustment of leveling and gravity data, holding the geopotential value at “Father Point/Rimouski” fixed. Father Point Lighthouse, Quebec *Not adopted in Canada 9

History of Vertical Datums in the USA • NAVD 88 (continued) – Defined only on the conterminous North American continent – Does not (and cannot) exist for any place you can’t level to from Father Point, such as: • Guam, American Samoa, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, American Virgin Islands, Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas, Aleutian Islands – Height chosen was to minimize 1929/1988 differences in USGS maps – “Zero height surface” of NAVD 88 wasn’t chosen for its closeness to the geoid (but it was close…few decimeters) 10

History of Vertical Datums in the USA • NAVD 88 (continued) –Use of one fixed height removed local sea level variation problem of NGVD 29 –Use of one fixed height did open the possibility of unconstrained cross-continent error build up –The H=0 surface of NAVD 88 was supposed to be parallel to the geoid…(close again) 11

Problems with NAVD 88 • NAVD 88 relies upon bench marks that: – Disappear by the thousands every year – Are not funded for replacement – Are almost never re-checked for movement – Are not necessarily in convenient places – Don’t exist in most of Alaska – Weren’t adopted in Canada – Cross-country error build up 12

Problems with NAVD 88 suffers from a zero height surface that: – Has been proven to be ~50 cm biased from the latest, best geoid models (GRACE satellite) – Has been proven to be ~ 1 meter tilted across CONUS (again, based on the independently computed geoid from the GRACE satellite) 13

Problems with NAVD 88 Earth’s Surface H (NAVD 88) H e level renc e f e r 8 8 D NAV The Geoid Errors in NAVD 88 : ~50 cm average, 100 cm CONUS tilt, 1 -2 meters average in Alaska NO tracking of temporal changes 14

Problems with NAVD 88 Approximate level of geoid mismatch known to exist in the NAVD 88 zero surface 15

Can NAVD 88 be fixed? Short term fix: Height Modernization GPS surveys – Quick way to propagate NAVD 88 bench mark heights to new marks through the use of GPS and a constrained least squares adjustment – NOAA TM NOS NGS 58 and 59 guidelines – Keeps NAVD 88 useful and accessible, but does not address the majority of problems of NAVD 88 itself Lack of roads prevents Height Modernization surveys from propagating heights to western AK 16

Can NAVD 88 be fixed? • Long term fix: Re-level some/all of NAVD 88 – 81, 500 km of 1 st order leveling at least – 625, 000 km of mixed 1 st and 2 nd order leveling • Re-leveling NAVD 88 estimated to cost between $200 Million and $2 Billion • Still have problems related to passive control 17

Can NAVD 88 be fixed? Long term fix: Replace NAVD 88 • GRAV-D: Gravity for the Redefinition of the American Vertical Datum • GRAV-D will: • define the datum as a given geoid model • realize it through GNSS technology • span at least the United States and its territories 18

Program goals and plans to achieve them

What is GRAV-D? • Official NGS policy as of Nov 14, 2007 as part of 10 yr plan 2008 -18 – Estimated $38. 5 M over 10 years • Three thrusts of project: – Airborne survey “snapshot” – Long-term monitoring of geoid change – Partnership surveys • Re-define the Vertical Datum of the USA by 2022 (given funding levels) 20

GRAV-D • Target: orthometric heights from GNSS and a geoid model; accurate to 2 cm • GRAV-D would mean fast, accurate, consistent orthometric heights everywhere in the USA 21

GRAV-D • One consistent vertical datum for the entire US: Continental US, Alaska, Hawaii and Pacific Islands, and Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands • Long-term objective: North American datum from equator to Arctic • Already in talks to coordinate our datum with Canada, Mexico, Caribbean, Central America 22

A good-enough geoid? • Target 2 cm accuracy in orthometric heights assumes: – 1 cm accuracy in GNSS positioning – 1 cm accuracy in Geoid • An accurate geoid requires: – A sufficiently good gravity field – Good geoid theory • Under revision by Y. Wang (IAG study group) 23

Gravity Field Before GRAV-D • Blend of various gravity data: – GRACE satellite gravity (wavelengths ≥ 350 km) And – NGS gravity holdings: land surface and marine measurements 24

Problems with Gravity Holdings Terrestrial gravity 20 -100 km • Field is not sampled uniformly gravity gaps along coast • Data range in age and quality, some w/o metadata • Some surveys have systematic errors • Data gaps in littoral areas Ship gravity New Orleans 25

Gravity Field Recovery for Geoid Airborne gravity “snapshot”: survey entire region – Cover the country quickly and consistently with 20 km resolution – Fill in littoral data gaps – Connect terrestrial to: – Near-shore marine gravity data – Deep-water satellite altimetric gravity fields 26

Building a Gravity Field Long Wavelengths (≥ 250 km) GRACE/GOCE/Satellite Altimetry + Intermediate Wavelengths (500 km to 20 km) Airborne Measurement + Short Wavelengths (< 100 km) Surface Measurement and Predicted Gravity from Topography 27

GRAV-D Coverage Puerto Rico US Virgin Is. 28

GRAV-D Coverage Hawaii Guam Am. Samoa 29

Airborne Gravity Objectives • • Survey the entire US and its holdings by 2022 Line spacing of 10 km Extend flight lines out beyond shelf break Complete the survey according to the following metric: Targets FY 09 (baseline) FY 10 FY 11 FY 12 FY 13 FY 14 FY 15 FY 16 FY 17 FY 18 FY 19 FY 20 FY 21 FY 22 6. 14% 7. 5% 13% 20% 28% 36% 44% 52% 60% 68% 76% 84% 92% 100% and Implement – 8% per year to be completed, FY 12 – FY 22 30

Survey Priority Order • • • Alabama test region Puerto Rico/US Virgin Islands Gulf of Mexico (except Florida) Alaska Eastern US Seaboard (& FL)/Great Lakes Western US Seaboard Hawaii, Guam/CNMI, American Samoa Interior CONUS Aleutian Islands

Current status of GRAV-D program

GRAV-D Airborne Surveys • Gulf of Mexico 2008 -09 (AL 08, LA 09, TX 09) • Puerto Rico/US Virgin Islands 2009 (PV 09) • Alaska 2008 -10 (AK 08, AK 09, AK 10 -01, AK 1002, AK 10 -03) • California 2011 (CA 11 -01) • Alaska 2011 (AK 11 -01 underway, AK 11 -02 planned) 12 surveys, Over 12% of total area flown 33

Status of Completion Metric Targets FY 09 (baseline) FY 10 FY 11 FY 12 FY 13 FY 14 FY 15 FY 16 FY 17 FY 18 FY 19 FY 20 FY 21 FY 22 6. 14% 7. 5% 13% 20% 28% 36% 44% 52% 60% 68% 76% 84% 92% 100% and Implement 6. 14% 12. 24% plus 7. 83% May. Sept (5 mo. ) • Tracked monthly • Much more completed in early FY 11 compared to FY 08/09/10 due to long-range aircraft available (PC-12 from BLM and P-3 from NOAA) and an experienced field team

Basic Airborne Operations • Aircraft • Instrumentation – Relative gravity meter aboard aircraft – Inertial measurement unit – GNSS receivers included in both instruments – GPS base stations (three for redundancy) • Gravity tie – New absolute measurement – Relative tie to meter height in plane 45 th Annual Alaska Surveying & Mapping Conference February 21 -25, 2011 Impact of Airborne Gravity Surveys on Geoid Modeling in Alaska Thursday, 0800 -1200 36

Aircraft: Capability & Configuration Aircraft Operator Aircraft Type Cessna NOAA Citation II CE-550 Hawker Naval Beechcraft Research Lab King Air RC-12 Turbo NOAA Commander 1000 695 A Bureau of Pilatus Land PC-12 Management Lockheed NOAA P-3 Orion Survey Gravimeter Nominal Installation Altitude (ft) Engine Type Number of Engines Survey Jet Double All 2008 & early 2009 35, 000 Cargo Area Turboprop Double AK 09 12, 500 Behind Left Pilot Seat Turboprop Double AK 10 -1 20, 000 Back & Center of Fuselage Turboprop Single AK 10 -2, AK 10 -3, CA 11 -1 20, 000 Center of Fuselage Turboprop Four-Engine AK 11 -1 20, 000 Center of Fuselage

Airborne Instruments IMU TAGS 38

Terrestrial Gravity Tie • Absolute gravity sites not usually near airport and occupations often not recent. • Set new gravity marks where necessary and at each airport of operations, for future use. • Do all new absolute gravity readings and ties/gradients. – 2008 -2010, FG-5 + G-meter relative instruments – 2011, A-10 + upgraded relative

GRAV-D Team Vicki Childers Theresa Diehl Sandy Preaux Justin Dahlberg Greg Watson Tim Wilkins Carly Weil (not pictured) Also pictured NOAA pilots Scott Price and Mark Sweeney • Plus, data processors • • 2010 NGS Convocation 40

Field Capability • Developing the project from scratch • Instrumentation – Acquisition, engineering, installation, troubleshoot • Operating procedures • Data Handling – QC: equipment working, data quality sufficient – Metadata creation, data archival, shipment to HQ • More info: “GRAV-D on the Airfield” presentation http: //www. ngs. noaa. gov/GRAV-D/materials. shtml 41

Field Capacity: Challenges • Field team depth • Need a dedicated aircraft – Present NOAA capacity is limited – Need both a long- and a shorter-range aircraft – Modifications for USGS magnetometer • Needed instrumentation – Inertial measurement unit – Electronics racks

Post-Field Processing, Airborne Data Flow

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