Muscle Physiology Human Anatomy and Physiology II Oklahoma

Muscle Physiology Human Anatomy and Physiology II Oklahoma City Community College Dennis Anderson

Muscle Tissue • Skeletal Muscle • Cardiac Muscle • Smooth Muscle

Skeletal Muscle • • • Long cylindrical cells Many nuclei per cell Striated Voluntary Rapid contractions

Cardiac Muscle • • • Branching cells One or two nuclei per cell Striated Involuntary Medium speed contractions

Smooth Muscle • • • Fusiform cells One nucleus per cell Nonstriated Involuntary Slow, wave-like contractions

Microanatomy of Skeletal Muscle

Z line

H Band

Sarcomere Relaxed

Sarcomere Partially Contracted

Sarcomere Completely Contracted

Binding Site Troponin Tropomyosin

Myosin

Neuromuscular Junction

Acetylcholine Opens Na+ Channel

Muscle Contraction Summary • Nerve impulse reaches myoneural junction • Acetylcholine is released from motor neuron • Ach binds with receptors in the muscle membrane to allow sodium to enter • Sodium influx will generate an action potential in the sarcolemma

Muscle Contraction Continued • Action potential travels down T tubule • Sarcoplamic reticulum releases calcium • Calcium binds with troponin to move the troponin, tropomyosin complex • Binding sites in the actin filament are exposed

Muscle Contraction Continued • Myosin head attach to binding sites and create a power stroke • ATP detaches myosin heads and energizes them for another contaction • When action potentials cease the muscle stop contracting

Motor Unit All the muscle cells controlled by one nerve cell

Motor Unit Ratios • Back muscles – 1: 100 • Finger muscles – 1: 10 • Eye muscles – 1: 1

ATP

Creatine • Molecule capable of storing ATP energy Creatine + ATP Creatine phosphate + ADP

Creatine Phosphate • Molecule with stored ATP energy Creatine phosphate + ADP Creatine + ATP

Muscle Fatique • Lack of oxygen causes ATP deficit • Lactic acid builds up from anaerobic respiration

Muscle Atrophy • Weakening and shrinking of a muscle • May be caused – Immobilization – Loss of neural stimulation

Muscle Hypertrophy • Enlargement of a muscle • More capillaries • More mitochondria • Caused by – Strenuous exercise – Steroid hormones

Steroid Hormones • Stimulate muscle growth and hypertrophy

Muscle Tonus • Tightness of a muscle • Some fibers always contracted

Tetany • Sustained contraction of a muscle • Result of a rapid succession of nerve impulses

Tetanus

Refractory Period • Brief period of time in which muscle cells will not respond to a stimulus

Refractory

Refractory Periods Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle

Isometric Contraction • Produces no movement • Used in – Standing – Sitting – Posture

Isotonic Contraction • Produces movement • Used in – Walking – Moving any part of the body

Myoglobin • Oxygen carrying protein related to hemoglobin • Found in skeletal & cardiac muscle • Store O 2 • Allows for organisms to hold their breath longer • May be found in blood stream if muscles have been damaged ex: after a heart atta

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