Introduction to Human Anatomy Physiology Anatomy and Physiology

Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy – study of structure • Physiology – study of function “Structure dictates function. ” 2

Characteristics of Life Movement - self initiated change in position, motion of internal parts Responsiveness - Ability to sense changes within, or around the organism and react to them Growth - increase in body size Reproduction - Parents produce offspring / producing new individuals Respiration - Obtaining oxygen (O 2), using it to release energy from food substances, and getting rid of wastes 3

Characteristics of Life Digestion - Chemically changing (breaking down) food substances, and getting rid of wastes Absorption - Passage of Digested products (food substances) through membranes and into body fluids Circulation - Movement of substances throughout the body Assimilation - Changing absorbed substances into chemically different substances Excretion - Removal of wastes 4

How can you remember this list? Brainstorm with the person sitting next to you a way that you can remember these characteristics. You will be sharing these with the class. 5

Mental Mapping I am walking to Mc. Donalds (movement) I stop at the traffic light (response) My body is growing (growth) I am breathing air (respiration) I get a hamburger and eat it (digestion) My body absorbs the hamburger (absorption) The hamburger circulates in my body (circulation) The hamburger is changed to things my body needs (assimilation) Eventually, I go to the bathroom (excretion) Someday I may reproduce (reproduction) 6

Other important characteristics Metabolism = all the physical and chemical changes in the body Bodily needs = food, oxygen, water, heat Homeostasis = tendency of the body to maintain a stable, balanced, internal environment. “Sameness” 7

Levels of organization §Cellular – a group of organelles working together for a common function §Ex. Brain cells §Tissue – group of cells working together for a common function §Ex. muscle 8

Levels of organization §Organ – group of tissues working together for a common function §Ex. Heart, liver §Organ system – a group of organs working together for a common function §Ex. Nervous system §Organism – a group of organ systems working together for a common function §Ex. Human, dog, etc. 9

Homeostatic Mechanism Receptor – receives stimulus and sends info to the control center Control Center – Makes decisions on how to respond to stimulus Effector – acts on the stimulus to resolve the situation 10

Negative Feedback Mechanism A variation outside a normal limit triggers an autonomic response that restore homeostasis Ex. Temperature regulation 11

Positive Feedback Mechanism An initial stimulus; produces a response that exaggerates the stimulus Ex. Labor or blood clotting 12

Disease Homeostatic failure; inability to regain and maintain homeostasis 13

Organ Systems §Follow along with your chart § DO NOT LOSE the chart 14

The Language of Anatomy 15

Anatomical Position Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out Integumentary system 16

Directional Terms Dorsal- toward or at the backside of the body; behind Ventral- toward or at the front side of the body (belly side) 17

Directional Terms Posterior or Dorsal Anterior or Ventral Dorsal Cranial Caudal Ventral 18

Directional Terms Superior- toward the head end or upper part of a structure; above Inferior- away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body; below 19

Directional Terms Proximal- close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb (the shoulder is proximal to the elbow) Distal- farther from the origin of a body part or the away from the point of attachment of a limb. (the fingers are distal to the elbow) 20

Directional Terms Lateral- away from the plane that divides a bilateral animal into mirror images Medial- On or near the plane that divides a bilateral animal into mirror images 21

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Directional Terms Superficial (external)- toward or at the body surface Deep (internal)- away from the body surface; more internal 23

Anatomical Terminology: Orientation and Directional Terms 24

Body Sections or Planes (3) • Sagittal– divides body into left and right portions • Mid-sagittal or Median – divides body into equal left and right portions • Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and inferior portions • Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions 25

Body Sections Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Median (midsagittal) plane Parasagittal plane Transverse (horizontal) plane A section along the median plane A section along a transverse plane A section along a frontal plane Frontal (coronal) plane © Mc. Graw-Hill Higher Education, Inc. /Joe De Grandis, photographer 26

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Directional Terms Cranial or Cephalic Caudal 28

Body Sections Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) (b) (c) a: © Patrick J. Lynch/Photo Researchers, Inc. ; b: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. ; c: © A. Glauberman/Photo Researchers, Inc. 29

Body Cavities Cranial cavity Vertebral canal Thoracic cavity Right pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Diaphragm Mediastinum Left pleural cavity Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Pelvic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity (a) Pelvic cavity (b) 30

Abdominal Subdivisions (2) • Quadrants (4) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) (b) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) 31

CW: Complete the worksheet on labeling the body regions 32

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Activity: Levels of Organization Take strips of paper and label each one with a different level of organization and put them in order from smallest to largest. Macromolecule Organelle Organ System Organism Cell Tissue Atom Organ Molecule Subatomic Particles 34

Levels of Organization Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Subatomic particles Atom Organ system Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Organism Cell Tissue

Levels of Organization Chemical • Atoms – made up of subatomic particles • Molecules – 2 or more atoms • Macromolecules – small molecules joined together 36

Levels of Organization Cellular • Macromolecules combine to form organelles • Organelles join to form cells- the basic structural and functional unit of the body 37

Levels of Organization Tissue • Group of cells working together to perform a function • 4 basic types – – epithelial (epi) connective tissue (CT) muscle (mm) nerve (n) 38

Levels of Organization Organ • 2 or more tissues joined together with a specific function and shape 39

Levels of Organization Organ Systems • Related organs with a common function • 11 systems 40

Levels of Organization Organism 41

Group Projects: Body System Posters Function: What is the major purpose or function of the system? Organs Involved: What organs play an important part in the system? Draw in the organs in the system, label and color them. Refer to diagrams in book 42

Integumentary system • Components – skin – hair – glands • Functions – protection – regulates body temperature – eliminates waste – vitamin D – sensations 43

Skeletal system • Components – Bones – Joints – Cartilage • Functions – – – Support Protection Body movement Produces blood cells Stores minerals & fats 44

Muscular system • Components – skeletal muscles • Functions – body movement – posture – generates heat 45

Nervous System • Components – – brain spinal cord nerves special sense organs • Functions – action potentials (nerve impulses) – detects, interprets, and responds to changes in environment 46

Endocrine system • Components – hormone-producing glands and cells • Functions – regulates body activities 47

Cardiovascular system • Components – blood – heart – blood vessels • Functions – pumps blood – carries O 2 and nutrients to cells and wastes away – regulates temperature, acid -base balance, and H 2 O 48

Lymphatic system • Components – – – lymph fluid & vessels spleen thymus lymph nodes tonsils • Functions – transports dietary lipids – protection 49

Respiratory system Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Components – – – lungs pharynx larynx trachea bronchial tree • Functions – exchange of gases – acid-base balance – sound production 50

Digestive system • Components – – – – – mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestines large intestines salivary glands liver gallbladder pancreas • Functions – breakdown of food – absorption of food – eliminates wastes 51

Urinary system • Components – – kidneys ureters urinary bladder urethra • Functions – eliminates waste – regulates blood composition & volume – acid-base balance 52

Reproductive system • Components – ovaries – testes – associated structures • Functions – produce gametes – hormone regulation of reproduction 53