India and Pakistan in the 20 th Century

India and Pakistan in the 20 th Century

• Most in India expected freedom, based on Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points. However, GB kept a hold on their “Jewel in the Crown” • They gain some rights, and education increases • Some of the educated people, now push for more rights and self-rule* – Nationalism + Revolution = ? • Independence*

• Amristar Massacre- A protest of GB rule in 1919. The British opened fire on the crowd of 10, 000 and killed between 400 -1200. • Result? ? Muslims and Hindus banded together. • 1920 - Mohandas Gandhi- emerges as a leader. He was GB educated and a lawyer. He uses GB Laws against the Brits*

• Civil Disobedience- refusal to obey rules, WITHOUT violence. Slow, but affective. Takes HUGE determination. • Hunger strike- Gandhi would often be arrested, and refuse to eat. The British were afraid he would die in their custody, and get the blame. He was LOVED, so this would have caused riots! Most of the time they just let him go*

• Salt March- Gandhi marches to the sea, eats the salt, and they arrest him, On Footage!!!! This was a small crime, but made a big point for the Indians. *

Salt March, 1930 Making Salt

OOOO Oooooo. OOOO

• Both WWI + II make GB weak, and by 1947, India is given independence. But……. • Despite being known as the “Mahatma” or Great one, he could not keep India together. – Group #1: Hindu • Congress party- This elected body claimed to represent India, but Hindu were 350 million, and Muslims were 100 million. *

• #2 Muslim league- protected Muslim interests, and in 1940 they suggested a partition (separation) of the country. • In 1946 Rioting breaks out- 4 days of fighting kills and injures more than 20, 000 __________________ • Hindus and Muslims do not agree, so they will split the country into India and Pakistan. • Both WWI + II makes GB weak, and By 1947, India is given independence. But……. it became two separate nations*.

• India was primarily in the southern portions of the sub-continent (see map) and Pakistan was in the north*.

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August 15, 1947 Independence and Partition

• India was primarily in the southern portions of the sub-continent (see map) and Pakistan was in the north. • In 1947 - 10 million people moved to either Pakistan or India based on religion. • Riots and fights broke out among the moving groups of people and 1 million are killed! • 1948 - an extremist shoots Gandhi for being too kind to Muslims*.

Border problems

• Jawaharlal Nehru India’s first Prime Minister, and leads for 17 years. He establishes a nation based on Democracy (because of GB) and is today the largest Democracy in the world*. pic

• Jawaharlal Nehru India’s first Prime Minister, and leads for 17 years. He establishes a nation based on Democracy (because of GB) and is today the largest Democracy in the world. (He is also Assassinated) • India’s problem’s today: • Fighting over disputed land between Pakistan and India, called Kashmir. • Population which is now over 1 billion. (what problems does this cause)? *

1971 India-Pakistan War

Kashmir crisis

• *Pakistan – Became a nation divided into two parts, East and West. This became two difficult to manage, so in 1971, East Pakistan became Bangladesh (see map) • Ceylon, Or Sri Lanka- (see map) The island off the coast of India also wants independence. India sends troops to stop the violence, but fails, and they still have a civil war today*. –

Problems Today: • • • Overpopulation 1 billion & climbing. Economic development. Hindu-Muslim tensions. Gender issues dowry killings. Caste bias discrimination against untouchables continues. • The Kashmir dispute and nuclear weapons. • Political assassinations. (5 in a row)*

The India-Pakistan Arms Race Heats Up in the Late 1990 s

Is this a possibility?

Is the dream gone?

What title would you give this political cartoon?

Colonial Impact • Modernization mainly helps European businesses • Education, health, sanitation improve • Millions migrate to Southeast Asia to work in mines + plantations • Colonialism leads to racial and religious clashes End* NEXT