Formation of Planets Accretion of dust in space
- Slides: 85
Formation of Planets • Accretion of dust in space due to GRAVITATIONAL FORCES – Dust – Asteroids – Planets 1. accretion of Heavy elements 2. attraction of Light gases to dense nucleus
Origin Solar System
Formation of Planets • Recent planets were HOT – Compressional Heating – Impact Heating – Radioactive Decay • The Earth is layered by Densities – Densest Core – Lightest Crust
Earth’s Layers • Core (Fe, Ni) – – • Mantle (plastic) – – – • Inner Core (solid) Outer Core (liquid) very close to melting point Inner Mantle Asthenosphere Lithosphere (rigid) – – Upper Mantle (~100 km) (Lithosphere) Crust • • Oceanic Continental
Earth’s Core, Mantle and Crust
Ocean Floor and Margins
If the entire history of the earth were 1 year long: • Origin of Earth 4600 MY • Oceans first form 4000 MY • Oldest dated rocks 3800 MY • First life form 3600 MY • Ocean – Atmosphere equilibrium 1000 • Multicelular MY complex organisms 700 MY • Beginning of well known Geology 600 MY • First FISH! • First 510 Land. MY Plants 430 MY *
DECEMBER Dinosaurs evolve Dinosaurs extinct *
December 31 st • 9: 15 pm Homo sapiens evolves • Historical Times = 1 minute 18 sec. • Columbus discovers America = 3 sec. till midnight • HMS Challenger Expedition = 0. 9 sec. till midnight • You have been around for ~0. 13 seconds
Asthenosphere & Lithosphere
Crust • Oceanic Crust – – – Density: ~2. 9 g/m 3 Mineral composition: Basalt (Fe, Mg, Si. O 2) Thickness: ~5 -10 km Elevation: ~ 3800 m below sea level Age: <200 MY • Continental Crust – – – Density: ~2. 75 g/m 3 Mineral Composition: Granite (Na, K, Si. O 2) Thickness: ~20 -90 km Elevation: ~840 m above sea level Age: <3800 MY
Lithosphere
Study of Earth’s Interior • Rock Sampling & Drilling • Meteorites • Seismic Studies
Rock Drilling ODP (Ocean Drilling Program)
Meteorites http: //www. nmnh. si. edu/minsci/images/gallery/43. htm
Seismic Studies http: //pangea. stanford. edu/~sklemp/ http: //www. oceanmarine. com/
Seismic Studies • Differential speed of seismic/sound waves due to density differences – Pressure Waves (p) • Parallel to direction of motion • Travel through liquids – Shear Waves (s) • Perpendicular to direction of motion • DO NOT travel through liquids Seismic waves refract & reflect at density boundaries
Seismic Waves
Seismic Waves
Convection Processes Shallow and deep mantle convection cells
Convection Processes
Divergent Margins - Ridges • New oceanic crust formation • Spreading
Convergent Margins - Trenches • Oceanic crust Destruction • Convergence & Subduction
Lithosphere Plates
Earthquakes Shallow (0 -70 km) Medium (70 -300 km) Deep (>300 km)
250 – 225 MY
Spreading Cycles
Hot Spot
Hot Spot
Loihi Volcano
Evolution of Coral Reefs Fringe reefs Barrier reefs Atolls
Hot Spot Map
Convergent Margins • Continental Convergent Margins – Oceanic crust / Continental crust – Pacific Coast South America • Oceanic Convergent Margins – Oceanic crust / Oceanic crust – Aleutian Trench, Caribbean Arch • Continental Collision Margins – Continental crust / Continental crust – Himalaya mountains
Continental Convergent Margins Oceanic Convergent Margins Continental Collision Margins
Continental Convergent Margins Andes Mountains
Oceanic Convergent Margins Caribbean Island Arch
Convergent margin vulcanism St Helens
Convergent margin vulcanism http: //www. rsiphotos. com http: //www. montserratreporter. org/ Soufriere - Montserrat
Continental Collision Margin Himalaya Mountains
Divergent Margins • Oceanic Divergent Margins – – Two spreading plates, upwelling magma Central Rift Valley and Oceanic Ridge Mid Atlantic Ridge (Slow 1 -5 cm/year) East Pacific Rise (Fast 9 -18 cm/year) • Continental Divergent Margins – Crustal upwarp, Rift Valley, Linear Ocean – East African Ridge, Red Sea
Continental Divergent Margins African Rift Valley
Mid Atlantic Ridge http: //www. ngdc. noaa. gov/
Mid Atlantic Ridge http: //faculty. washington. edu/lyn 4/images/iceland. jpg
Mid Atlantic Ridge http: //www. geomorph. org/gal/mslattery/IAG 1. jpg
East Pacific Rise http: //www. ngdc. noaa. gov/
East Pacific Rise http: //geologyindy. byu. edu/
East Pacific Rise
Divergent margin vulcanism
Divergent margin vulcanism
Ocean Crust Age
Convection Processes Shallow and deep mantle convection cells
Passive Continental Margins
Figure 2. 28
Transform Faults • Two plates slide by each other • Numerous earthquakes along faults • Common in divergent and convergent margins
Transform Fault
Mid Atlantic Ridge http: //www. ngdc. noaa. gov/
San Andreas Fault between Pacific & N. American plates • http: //quake. wr. usgs. gov/kap/carrizo/
Plate Tectonics History • Alfred Wegener (1915) – Continental Drift Theory – Panagea (200 -250 MY)
Plate Tectonics History • Alfred Hess (1960) – Seafloor spreading theory – Geo-Poetry WHAT DATA PROVES PLATE TECTONICS?
Figure 2. 17
Magnetic Anomaly
Reversal Earth’s Magnetic Polarity
Sediment Thickness
Ocean Sediment Drilling ODP (Ocean Drilling Program)
Age Difference Ocean Crust: <200 MY Continental Crust: <3800 MY
Earth Quake Distribution
Earthquakes Shallow (<100 km) Deep (>100 km)
Continent Fitting
Paleomagnetism
Direct Movement Measurements
- What are the four outer planets called
- Are jovian planets more dense than terrestrial
- What separates inner and outer planets
- What is each planet made of
- Inner planets and outer planets
- Accretion
- Zone of in situ accretion
- Accretion disk corona
- Griffin-ford latin american model
- Standing accretion shock instability
- Fin 47
- Accretion
- Orogenesis
- Formation initiale vs formation continue
- Camera space to world space
- Unscented trajectory chapter 5
- Ndc to screen space
- Space junk the space age began
- Joint space vs cartesian space
- Dust bowl map activity
- Pictures of the dust bowl
- Wrap fugitive dust handbook
- Edmund crampin
- Simple microscope parts and functions
- Timeline of the great depression
- Combustible dust examples
- Dust mask training
- Lattice degeneration
- Lead dust sampling wipes
- The great depression acrostic poem
- From dust you came
- Dust bowl webquest
- Wrap fugitive dust handbook
- What does dust of snow
- Cotton poison
- Smartdust
- Dust bowl
- Arthur rothstein fleeing a dust storm
- War photographer duffy
- Dust bowl map
- Out of the dust characters
- Dust bowl map
- Wrap fugitive dust handbook
- Storm severity index
- Reaver wps
- Out of the dust summary
- Smart dust
- Used to lay out any noncircular curve
- Chalkdustdiva
- Dust bowl pictures woman
- When was dust of snow written
- The dust code
- Dust osvita
- Dust bowl migration map
- Pictures of the dust bowl
- Diseases caused by dust
- Dust bowl 1930s
- American cancer society
- Sternvent dust collector
- Entech dust collector
- Can the dust bowl happen again
- Electrodynamic dust shield
- Personal dust sampler
- Onomatopoeia in out of the dust
- Inclination joint microscope function
- Shadows and dust meaning
- Cement hazards
- Smart dust darpa
- Dust bowl
- Route 66 dust bowl
- Where did the dust bowl happen
- Dust devil bolivia
- Smart dust darpa
- Prepositional kennings
- Lead dust wipe sampling template
- Abhor sin
- Dust bowl woman
- Silica dust exposure
- Dust bowl slideshow
- Holst the planets lesson plan
- Today planetary position
- Esrt planets
- Why do jovian planets have rings
- Smallest terrestrial planet
- How to remember the planets
- Planets. lesson 1