WRAP Fugitive Dust Emission Summary and Evaluation Ao

Outline • • Project Objectives Fugitive Dust Source Categories Emission Estimation Methodologies 2002 Annual

Project Objectives • Summarize all fugitive dust emission sources • Evaluate dust emissions for

Fugitive Dust Source Categories • Agricultural Dust – Harvesting – Tilling – Transport –

Estimation Methodologies • Agricultural Tilling – 2002 NEI grown from 1998 • Growth factors

Estimation Methodologies • Construction – Residential – Emissions are function of acres disturbed and

Estimation Methodologies • Construction – Non-Residential – Emissions are function of acres disturbed –

Estimation Methodologies • Road Construction – Emissions are function of acres disturbed; developed from

Estimation Methodologies • Paved Road Dust – Uncontrolled emissions estimated at state level by

Estimation Methodologies • Unpaved Road Dust – Uncontrolled emissions estimated at state level by

Estimation Methodologies • Unpaved Road Dust (continued) – Annual VMT data from FHWA Statistics

Estimation Methodologies • Windblown Dust – WRAP Phase II WB Dust Model – 2000

RPO-Specific Revisions/Enhancements • WRAP – Road Dust – Developed by ENVIRON. • CA emissions

RPO-Specific Revisions/Enhancements • CENRAP – Agricultural Dust – Developed by STI based on local

Spatial Distribution of Fugitive Dust Emissions

Proposed Revisions to Fine Fraction Ratios Used for AP-42 Fugitive Dust Emission Factors Source

$Next Steps • Revise PM 2. 5/PM 10 fractions (? ? ) • Evaluate/Summarize$

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WRAP Fugitive Dust Emission Summary and Evaluation (Ao. H Phase II/TSS Task 7 b) ENVIRON International Corporation 15 November 2005 Tempe, AZ

Outline • • Project Objectives Fugitive Dust Source Categories Emission Estimation Methodologies 2002 Annual County-level Summaries 2002 Annual Gridded Summaries PM 2. 5/PM 10 Ratios Next Steps

Project Objectives • Summarize all fugitive dust emission sources • Evaluate dust emissions for reasonableness and consistency – Review estimation methodologies (AP-42, State/local studies, regional models, etc. . ) – Review fine fraction (PM 10/PM 2. 5) • Develop SCC-level summaries: – County-level – Model-ready, gridded • Develop summaries by geographic region • Consider 2002 and 2018 EIs

Fugitive Dust Source Categories • Agricultural Dust – Harvesting – Tilling – Transport – Feedlots • Construction Dust – Mining/Quarrying – Road Construction – Residential – Industrial/Commercial/Institutional • Road Dust – Paved – Unpaved • Windblown Dust

Estimation Methodologies • Agricultural Tilling – 2002 NEI grown from 1998 • Growth factors vary by tilling type (0. 77 – 1. 16) – Activity is acres tilled by type and crop (from CTIC) – EF = 4. 8*k*s 0. 6*p • k=particle size multiplier (PM 10 = 0. 21; PM 2. 5 = 0. 042) • S = silt content (USDA data; varies by soil type) • P = # of passes/tilling per year (varies by crop) – E = EF * A

Estimation Methodologies • Construction – Residential – Emissions are function of acres disturbed and volume of soil excavated (varies by type of structure) – Activity data (housing starts by structure type) from Dept. of Commerce – Emission factors vary by structure type and duration of construction (0. 011 tons PM 10/acre-month – 0. 11 tons PM 10/acre-month) – Adjustments applied for soil moisture, silt content and control efficiency

Estimation Methodologies • Construction – Non-Residential – Emissions are function of acres disturbed – Activity data (value of construction in $MM, allocated from national to county based on employment statistics) from Dept. of Commerce – Number of acres disturbed estimated as 1. 55 acres/$MM applied to county-level construction valuation data – Emission factor = 0. 19 tons/acre/month (assumed 11 month construction duration) – Adjustments applied for soil moisture, silt content and control efficiency

Estimation Methodologies • Road Construction – Emissions are function of acres disturbed; developed from – – – FHWA data State-level new miles of road construction from 2002 FHWA state expenditure data by road type Converted to $/mile using NCDOT conversion data; converted to acres disturbed/mile by road type State data allocated to county based on residential building starts Emission factor = 0. 42 tons/acre/month; assumed 12 month duration Adjustments applied for soil moisture, silt content and control efficiency

Estimation Methodologies • Paved Road Dust – Uncontrolled emissions estimated at state level by roadway class and – – month Calculated as State/Roadway class VMT * TAF * EF Spatially allocated to counties based using VMT surrogate Controls applied to Non-Attainment counties EF = [k*(s. L/2)0. 65 *(W/3)1. 5 -C]*[1 -P/(4*N)] • • • k= particle size multiplier (PM 10 = 7. 3; PM 2. 5 = 1. 8) s. L = silt loading W= avg. vehicle weight C = EF for 1980 fleet N= # days in month P= # days with precip. > 0. 01 in – Annual VMT data from FHWA Statistics – County emissions = State Emissions * (VMTcounty/VMTState) – Assumed control measure: Vacuum sweeping twice/month; 79% control efficiency. ; Rule penetration varies by roadway class and NA status; 100% Rule Effectiveness

Estimation Methodologies • Unpaved Road Dust – Uncontrolled emissions estimated at state level by roadway class and – – month Calculated as State/Roadway class VMT * TAF * EF Spatially allocated to counties based using 1990 rural population surrogate Controls applied to Non-Attainment counties EF = [k*(s/12)a *(SPD/30)b]/(M/0. 5)c-C • • • k= particle size multiplier (PM 10 = 0. 27; PM 2. 5 = 1. 8) s = silt loading SPD = mean vehicle speed M = moisture content C = EF for 1980 fleet a, b, c = empirical constants – EF adjusted for precip: Efcorr= EF * [(D-p)/D)] • D = # days in month • P = # days with precip > 0. 01 in.

Estimation Methodologies • Unpaved Road Dust (continued) – Annual VMT data from FHWA Statistics • Separate estimates for county and non-county roadways • County-maintained VMT by road type and ADTV • State/Federal-maintained VMT by arterial classification; county-maintained VMT used – Annual VMT estimates allocated seasonally and monthly – County emissions = State Emissions * (Rural Pop. county/Rural Pop. State) – Assumed control measures vary by Non-Attainment classification (paving and/or chemical stabilization). Control efficiency, rule penetration and rule effectiveness vary

Estimation Methodologies • Windblown Dust – WRAP Phase II WB Dust Model – 2000 Landuse/Landcover data • BELD 3 county-level crop percentages – STATSGO Soils data – 2002 MM 5 Meteorology (36 - and 12 -km) – Latest Transport Fractions (EPA, 2005) – PMC/PMF = 0. 9/0. 1

RPO-Specific Revisions/Enhancements • WRAP – Road Dust – Developed by ENVIRON. • CA emissions interpolated from previous EI development • Unpaved VMT based on NET 96 updated with state survey results • VMT data adjusted based on Clark Co. ADTV revisions factor • Silt loading from IL State Water Survey • Precipitation data from NCDC • Applicable control measures from State survey results – Agricultural Dust - Developed by ERG based on 2002 draft NEI (gap-filled by EPA/Pechan). Additional state submissions included as part of WRAP EI Update process. – Construction Dust - 2002 NEI estimates submitted by States

RPO-Specific Revisions/Enhancements • CENRAP – Agricultural Dust – Developed by STI based on local activity data, county- level silt loading and tilling practices, monthly allocation by state. Includes some livestock feedlot dust emissions – Construction and Road Dust from 2002 NEI • VISTAS – 2002 NEI State submissions for all sources • MWRPO – Agricultural and Construction Dust (IL & IN only) - Based on 2002 State CERR data – Road Dust – WRAP 2002 inventory data – All Fugitive dust emissions dramatically reduce through application of transport fractions (90%-97%). Based on monitoring data analyzed by LADCO • MANE-VU – 2002 NEI for all dust sources

2002 Fugitive Dust Inventory

2002 Fugitive Dust Inventory

Spatial Distribution of Fugitive Dust Emissions

Proposed Revisions to Fine Fraction Ratios Used for AP-42 Fugitive Dust Emission Factors Source Category Paved Roads Unpaved Roads Construction & Demolition Aggregate Handling/Storage Piles Industrial Wind Erosion Agricultural Tilling AP-42 Section 13. 2. 1 13. 2. 2 PM 2. 5/PM 10 Ratio Current Proposed 0. 25 0. 15 0. 10 -- 0. 208 0. 10 13. 2. 4 0. 314 0. 10 (traffic) 0. 15 (transfer) 13. 2. 5 0. 40 0. 15 -- 0. 222 0. 20

PM 2. 5/PM 10 Ratios

PM 2. 5/PM 10 Ratios from Gridded Data

$Next Steps • Revise PM 2. 5/PM 10 fractions (? ? ) • Evaluate/Summarize$

Next Steps • Revise PM 2. 5/PM 10 fractions (? ? ) • Evaluate/Summarize Revisions for Base 02 a • Evaluate 2018 inventory • Prepare Technical Memorandum