CHILD SEXUAL EXPLOITATION AWARENESS Trainer Mike Mainwaring Housekeeping

CHILD SEXUAL EXPLOITATION AWARENESS Trainer: Mike Mainwaring

Housekeeping

Child Sexual Exploitation Name Game and Child Trafficking

Learning Agreement Participation Confidentiality Respect

COURSE CONTENT ØDefinitions of Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) ØWho is at risk? ØWho are the perpetrators? CSE Models ØRecognising indicators of CSE ØRecognising additional vulnerabilities/increase risk of CSE ØConsent ØWorking with young people, parents, carers and wider family members affected by CSE ØAffirming local referral pathways ØInformation sharing

Child Sexual Exploitation Quiz

WHAT IS CHILD SEXUAL EXPLOITATION? Exercise Define Child Sexual Exploitation

YOUNG PEOPLE’S DEFINITION OF CSE “Sexual exploitation basically means that somebody may be tricking you to have sexual contact with them or other people. The could include doing sexual things in return for money, drugs, somewhere to stay, gifts or favours. It can be hard to recognise because you often believe you are in a good relationship with the person/people who are abusing you”

WHAT IS CHILD SEXUAL EXPLOITATION? A form of child sexual abuse : ØForcing or enticing a child or young person to take part in sexual activities ØIt may also include non-contact activities ØIn all cases the person exploiting the young person has the power over them by virtue of age, gender, intellect, physical strength etc. APPROVED BY SAFEANDSOUNDGROUP. ORG. UK @SAFESOUNDGROUP

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE? Group Exercise – Teenage behaviour

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE? Exercise What the Media tell us

WHAT DO WE ACTUALLY KNOW ABOUT CSE?

WHAT DO WE ACTUALLY KNOW ABOUT CSE? “For children over 10, sexual exploitation is the most pressing and hidden child protection issue in this country” (Barnardo’s)

RECORDED SEXUAL CRIMES AGAINST CHILDREN

ROTHERHAM 1997 -2013 Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Exploitation in Rotherham, Alexis Jay OBE

ROTHERHAM 1997 -2013 Estimated that 1, 400 children were sexually exploited in Rotherham between 1997 and 2013 Majority of those behind the abuse were described as Asian, while the victims were young white girls Children raped by multiple attackers; trafficked to other towns and cities in the north of England; abducted, beaten and intimidated. This is information extracted from the recent report by the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Exploitation in Rotherham, Alexis Jay OBE

Rotherham 1997 -2013 In 2010, eight men were tried at Sheffield Crown Court for a series of sexual offences against young girls. Five men were convicted and jailed in November 2010. They had fostered relationships with girls as young as twelve, and raped them in cars and parks Some were doused in petrol and threatened with being set alight, while others were threatened with guns, made to watch "brutally violent rapes" and warned they would be next if they told anyone.

What Young People and their Families say “My child (age 13) may appear to be a mature child, yet some of her actions and the risks to which she constantly puts herself are those of a very immature and naïve person. She constantly stays out all night getting drunk, mixing with older mature adults, and refuses to be bound by any rules. ” One child who was being prepared to give evidence received a text saying the perpetrator had her younger sister and the choice of what happened next was up to her. She withdrew her statements. “I know he really loves me … (about a perpetrator convicted of very serious offences against other children)”

ROTHERHAM 1997 -2013 Grooming Process Card Sort

Recommendations Risk assessment: Recommendation 1: Senior managers should ensure that there are up-to-date risk assessments on all children affected by CSE. These should be of consistently high quality and clearly recorded on the child’s file. Looked after children: Recommendation 3: Managers should develop a more strategic approach to protecting looked after children who are sexually exploited. This must include the use of out-of-area placements. The Borough should work with other authorities to minimise the risks of sexual exploitation to all children, including those living in placements where they may become exposed to CSE. The strategy should include improved arrangements for supporting children in out-of-area placements when they require leaving care services. Outreach and accessibility

Recommendations Recommendation 4: The Council should make every effort to make help reach out to victims of CSE who are not yet in touch with services. In particular, it should make every effort to restore open access and outreach work with children affected by CSE to the level previously provided by Risky Business. Recommendation 8: Wider children’s social care, the CSE team and integrated youth and support services should work better together to ensure that children affected by CSE are well supported and offered an appropriate range of preventive services. Ongoing work with victims: Recommendation 9: All services should recognise that once a child is affected by CSE, he or she is likely to require support and therapeutic intervention for an extended period of time. Children should not be offered short-term intervention only, and cases should not be closed prematurely.

Recommendations Post abuse support: Recommendation 10: The Safeguarding Board, through the CSE Sub-group, should work with local agencies, including health, to secure the delivery of post-abuse support services. Quality Assurance: Recommendation 11: All agencies should continue to resource, and strengthen, the quality assurance work currently underway under the auspices of the Safeguarding Board. Minority ethnic communities: Recommendation 12: There should be more direct and more frequent engagement by the Council and also the Safeguarding Board with women and men from minority ethnic communities on the issue of CSE and other forms of abuse.

Recommendation 13: The Safeguarding Board should address the under-reporting of sexual exploitation and abuse in minority ethnic communities. The issue of race: Recommendation 14: The issue of race should be tackled as an absolute priority if it is a significant factor in the criminal activity of organised child sexual abuse in the Borough. Serious Case Reviews: Recommendation 15: We recommend to the Department of Education that the guiding principle on redactions in Serious Case Reviews must be that the welfare of any children involved is paramount

Perpetrators and Victims Drawing Exercise

WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT PERPETRATORS The Children’s Commissioner (England) report found:

A quote from Alexis Jay’s report into child abuse in Rotherham overlooked by many news reports: 'One of these myths was that only white girls are victims of sexual exploitation by Asian or Muslim males, as if these men only abuse outside of their own community, driven by hatred and contempt for white females. This belief flies in the face of evidence that shows that those who violate children are most likely to target those who are closest to them and most easily accessible. “ The Guardian 2 September 2014

WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT PERPETRATORS (SO FAR) Ø A perpetrator can be: § An adult or another young person § Male or female § Be any ethnicity Ø Visible in every day life Ø Often articulate, plausible and ‘savvy’ Ø Not all involved in commercial exploitation Ø Some have links to other criminal behaviour Ø CEOP started a major piece of work on perpetrators in 2011 with specific reference to group/gang associated CSE. Report/findings recently published. Still much more work to do in this field.

PEER-ON-PEER ABUSE

WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT VICTIMS AND THOSE AT RISK OF SEXUAL EXPLOITATION Findings from Jago and Pearce 2009 ØCan start from age 4: ‘Respondents to the call for evidence identified sexually exploited children and young people as ranging in age from 4 -19 with a peak age of 15 (OCC Inquiry 2012) ØGender – affects girls and boys ØEthnicity – happens in all communities ØVulnerability - Any young person can be targeted but some are more vulnerable than others ØIncrease in victims with learning disabilities Ø Victims are often trafficked (locally, regionally, nationally and internationally)

Other Research National research identifies Average of victims/at risk is between 13 -15. Its important to note that in law an individual is deemed a child until age 18. Debates about consent, woolliness around support and actions for post 16 are irrelevant. There is no debate, our role isn’t to judge and decide, its to believe and support YP, and for the police, cps and courts to use every option available to them to disrupt, prosecute perpetrators, irrespective of age.

WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT VICTIMS AND THOSE AT RISK OF SEXUAL EXPLOITATION ØYoung people often targeted, ‘groomed’ and controlled by a third party ØOnline and mobile technology plays significant role in targeting, exploiting and controlling young people ØYoung people targeted become isolated from peers and family/carers, and often go missing ØThe abuse is extreme, therefore the impact on the young people is extreme.

Operation Bullfinch - Oxford “… these men, sometimes acting in groups and at other times separately, actively targeted vulnerable young girls from the age of about the ages of 11 or 12. Sometimes the men would come across the girls while the girls were out drinking or playing truant. There is evidence that the men deliberately targeted children who were out of control. They also targeted children who had been sent to live in care homes for precisely that reason. Sometimes girls already being abused by the group(s) were tasked to find other girls for the group(s). The girls who were chosen generally had troubled upbringings and unsettled home lives which made it less likely that anyone would be exercising any normal parental control over them or looking out for them.

M ISSING F ROM H OME Sometimes I run away just to see if anyone cares enough to follow…

CATEGORIES OF CSE Barnardo’s “Puppet on a String” report identified three broad categories of CSE: Ø Inappropriate relationships Ø ‘Boyfriend’ model of exploitation and peer exploitation- Rochdale cases Ø Organised/networked sexual exploitation or trafficking Other models: Ø The ‘party’ model Ø Gang model

MODELS OF CSE Boyfriend/Peer Model Inappropriate Relationship Model Organised/ Network Model Gangs Model Barnardo’s ‘Puppet on a String’, 2011

The Relationship Model This type of grooming explains how young people can be tricked by perpetrators into believing that they have entered a ‘loving’ relationship when in reality the offender is aiming to coerce them into having sex with their friends and associates. Whilst the culprit is commonly older, there have been reports where this behaviour occurs between peers of young people. This can sometimes be linked with gang activity. This model is frequently referred to as the ‘Boyfriend Model’. The title is a bit ambiguous however as boys and young men can also be sexually exploited in this way.

Inappropriate Relationship Model This model usually involves one offender having an inappropriate amount of power or control over a young person. This can be particularly apparent when there is a large age gap between the perpetrator and victim, as well as a disparity in wealth or status. Similarly to the Relationship Model, the young person may believe that they are in a loving relationship.

Organised/ Network & Trafficking Model This kind of exploitation can include the sexual trafficking of young people, either across different countries or simply within one city. Young people can become victims in the ‘buying and selling’ of sexual services as perpetrators look to network with their fellow criminals. Even the young people involved in the organisation of the trafficking process can themselves be forced to recruit new targets into the network. Due to the fact that this model often involves numerous victims and offenders, it is usually widely reported in the media.

‘Party Lifestyle’ Model

Gangs Model There is still limited understanding of gang models in child sexual exploitation. This can include sexual exploitation through gang initiation rituals, gang pressure or as punishment for crossing areas/boundaries. It is also worth considering that many gang members can also be victims themselves

SIGNS AND INDICATORS FOR FRONT LINE PRACTITIONERS Indicator Card Sort Exercise

Risk Indicators v. Lower Level v. Medium Level v. High Level

PUSH FACTORS Factors which push a child away from home and towards sexual exploitation

PUSH FACTORS ØFamily breakdown ØDomestic violence within the family ØSexual/physical abuse, emotional deprivation and/or neglect ØBullying in or out of school ØFamily/peer involvement in sexual exploitation ØParents having high degree of vulnerabilities i. e. substance misuse, mental ill health ØBeing a child looked after in residential care ØRunning away/ Going missing

OTHER VULNERABILITIES ØLearning difficulties ØMental ill health ØLow family income Ø‘Forced marriage’ ØSocial exclusion/isolation ØHomophobia ØAsylum/refugee children or young people with non-secure immigration rights ØFemale genital mutilation

VULNERABILITY The biggest factors are AGE & OPPORTUNITY

PULL FACTORS ØSafety and security ØProtection ØFeeling loved and wanted ØGifts ØOffers of accommodation ØFinancial gain ØExcitement – e. g. flash cars, alcohol & drugs

What Young People in Oxford said: It was a bit exciting They gave us more than my Mum could I had no male love, my father was an alcoholic, he hit me I was already off the rails before [meeting the men] Other children have a parent who they can talk to and rely on I have always been aware of my problems, I was a brat My poor early life made me vulnerable School was bad for me – I was made fun of as a foster child. So I bunked off Suddenly the guys were bringing me stuff. They said how lovely I was It was exciting – Asian boys with flash cars

What Young People in Oxford said: I used to run away before [the grooming] They paid for drinks and gave us drugs They made me trust them for months, and I was their friend. I was flattered For a while he was my friend – just the two of us I used to moan about my home life – I was flattered they listened I believed they were my friends, nothing was more important I went missing every week – I thought it was normal When the grooming started they were so kind and nice. They were a lot older. It was flattering. It was attractive – then things started to change. I was already into drugs

IMPACT OF CSE ON CHILDREN, YOUNG PEOPLE, FAMILIES/CARERS AND SIBLINGS APPROVED BY SAFEANDSOUNDGROUP. ORG. UK @SAFESOUNDGROUP

IMPACT OF CSE ON YOUNG PEOPLE CSE impacts on every aspect of a child/young person’s life: Physical & Mental health Education and training Family relationships Friends and social relationships How they view others Their relationships with their own children in the future APPROVED BY SAFEANDSOUNDGROUP. ORG. UK @SAFESOUNDGROUP

HEALTH RELATED IMPACT AREAS ØAttachment & dissociative disorders ØPost traumatic stress disorder ØPsychosis/phobias, OCD ØSleep disorders ØEating disorders ØSexually harmful behaviours ØSuicide /suicide attempts and Self harm ØIdentity crisis/low self-esteem/Self blame ØAnxiety/Depression ØAddiction to over the counter/prescription/illegal drugs/ alcohol & effects

HEALTH RELATED IMPACT AREAS PHYSICAL HEALTH Weight concerns Lack of necessary nourishment or knowing what healthy eating is Short and long term effects from over the counter/ prescription/illegal drugs/ and alcohol Eye & dental care Under age pregnancy/sharing birth control pills Urinary tract and kidney infections Smoking Withdrawn & tired Missing out on immunisations General hygiene and care APPROVED BY SAFEANDSOUNDGROUP. ORG. UK @SAFESOUNDGROUP

HEALTH RELATED IMPACT AREAS SEXUAL HEALTH Sexually transmitted infections Urinary Tract Infection Long term damage to reproductive organs and future conception Contracting incurable diseases Unwanted pregnancies Overtly sexualised behaviours and language Tear and object wounds

SIGNS AND INDICATORS FOR FRONT LINE (HEALTH) PRACTITIONERS ØSelf Harm ØRapid change in appearance ØSexualised behaviour ØDisruptive/Challenging behaviours ØRevolving door (Police and A&E. Depts) ØLate presentation (Injury or illness) ØMental Health Problems ØSuicide Ideation ØUnexplained injuries ØRepeat Pregnancy ØRepeat alcohol abuse ØRepeated Sexually Transmitted ØDrugs and Solvent abuse Infection testing ØPhysical injuries ØPelvic inflammatory disease

YOUNG PEOPLE’S REACTIONS TO CSE ØWhy don’t they talk about it? ØWhy do they go back to abusers? ØWhat are the key barriers to engagement? APPROVED BY SAFEANDSOUNDGROUP. ORG. UK @SAFESOUNDGROUP

TRAUMA Trauma is defined as a psychological, physical threat or assault to a child/ young person involving: physical integrity, sense of self, safety and survival. The release of stress hormones associated with traumatic reactions impacts on brain functioning and development

BRAIN FUNCTIONS DEVELOPED DURING ADOLESCENCE ØControlling impulses ØInitiating appropriate behaviour ØInhibiting inappropriate behaviour ØOrganising, prioritising, making decisions ØInsight ØWorking memory

Impacts on Brain, Emotions, Physical and Behaviourial Exercise

IMPACT OF TRAUMA ON DEVELOPMENT AND SYMPTOMS COGNITIVE: ØDiminished concentration ØSelf blame ØFragmented memory and recall problems ØFlashbacks ØNightmares ØPhobias ØPTSD

IMPACT OF TRAUMA ON DEVELOPMENT AND SYMPTOMS EMOTIONAL: ØMood swings ØHopelessness ØFear ØAnger ØHypersensitivity ØPre occupation with danger

IMPACT OF TRAUMA ON DEVELOPMENT AND SYMPTOMS PHYSICAL: ØSleep problems ØGastro intestinal problems (IBS) ØImpaired immune system ØChronic fatigue syndrome ØAsthma ØHeadaches

IMPACT OF TRAUMA ON DEVELOPMENT AND SYMPTOMS BEHAVIOURAL: ØSelf-harming behaviour ØSuicidal ideation/ Øactivation ØRisky sexual Øbehaviour ØImpulsive and aggressive behaviour ØIrritable ØImpatient ØLack of inter-personal boundaries ØIsolation and sense of alienation ØIntolerance ØWithdrawn ØDifficulties with trust ØProblem relating to others

LEGACY OF TRAUMA IN THE BRAIN ØProblems with trust, autonomy, initiative ØAttachment issues and difficulties with intimacy ØProblems with understanding their internal world and controlling impulses / behaviour ØResults in dis-inhibited antisocial behaviour APPROVED BY SAFEANDSOUNDGROUP. ORG. UK @SAFESOUNDGROUP

HOW SHOULD WE RESPOND?

WHAT SHOULD ALL SERVICES BE DOING?

ALL WALES GUIDANCE Principles: Ø CSE is a Child Protection matter (including 16 & 17 year olds) Ø CSE is clearly defined Ø Information sharing is key to early identification and protection Ø All agencies have a role in identification and intervention Ø It is possible to evidence risk Ø Responses set out in the Protocol are based on evidence of what works Ø Provides clear guidance on safeguarding actions

Case Studies

WORKING WITH YOUNG PEOPLE

WORKING WITH PARENTS/CARERS/FAMILIES

Effects on Child/Parents/Siblings Exercise

WORKING WITH PARENTS/CARERS/FAMILIES There is a societal myth that: ‘Parents should know what is happening to the victim and be able to stop it’. The CPS guidance asks prosecutors to challenge this in court with the repost, “This is an attempt to excuse the abuser of rape or sexual assault and place the blame on the victim’s parents. Even if they suspect that something is not right, they may not be in a position to stop it due to the control over the victim exercised by the abuser. There can also be risks to parents when seeking to protect their child and they can need support as well as the child”.

WORKING WITH PARENTS/CARERS/FAMILIES ØThey need information, updating and to be involved. ØWork with parents to help them protect their children ØThey can be an invaluable source of information and evidence ØDon’t forget families need support too!

REVIEW ØDefinitions of Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) ØWho is at risk? ØWho are the perpetrators? ØCSE Models ØRecognising indicators of CSE ØRecognising Additional vulnerabilities that increase risk of CSE. ØWorking with young people, parents, carers and wider family members ØAffirming local referral pathways ØInformation sharing