Unit 1 Emergence of Complex Society Emergence of

Unit 1 Emergence of Complex Society

Emergence of Agriculture Focus: How did Society Develop?

Neolithic Revolution

What is Civilization? • Civilizations are a society in an advanced state of social development. • What do we mean when we say an advanced state of social development? • There are 5 Key Elements that make a society advanced enough to be considered a civilization.

5 Key Elements of Civilization • Centralized Government • Organized Religion • Job Specialization and Social Classes • Arts, Architecture, and Infrastructure • Writing

Centralized Government • A person or group of people who make and enforce laws in a society. • Power must be concentrated in a central location and in the hands of a relatively small group of people.

Organized Religion • Historically every civilization has developed some form of worship. (Clockwise from upper left) Islam, Taoism, Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism, Sikhism, Judaism

Job Specialization and Social Classes • Job Specialization is when the members of a society have specific jobs to do and are not expected or required to do every job necessary to survive. • Social classes are ways in which people are divided based on their social, economic, or educational status.

Arts, Architecture, and Infrastructure • Art is a way that a society expresses its values and beliefs creatively; such as painting, dancing, or playing music. • Architecture describes the ability of a society to design and build large structures. • Infrastructure are the structures created to make a society function efficiently. • Examples are roads, water lines, electric lines, ports, government buildings, police and fire departments etc.

Writing • A method of using symbols to keep records.

Manipulating the Land Who are the River Civilizations?

Mesopotamia China Indus Valley Civilization Egypt

Mesopotamia is at the eastern end of the Fertile Crescent, an arc of good farmland from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf.

Mesopotamia is the valley between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers. The Sumerians developed the first Mesopotamian civilization. By 3000 BC, they had built several city-states. Ancient Mesopotamia covered three general areas: Assyria, Akkad, and Sumer. These rivers often overflow and leave silt, which nourishes the soil for a productive agricultural economy.

- Consistently productive agriculture required controlling the water supply by developing irrigation. The resulting large food supply made large populations a More food meant that people were able to trade food for item they could not produce This led to specialization of workers, markets for goods, laws to govern trade, social hierarchy as those who controlled the cities and food became kings or lords, and religion to explain natural phenomena. - We call this. . . SOCIETY!

Ancient Egypt The Gift of the Nile

Egyptian Timeline • Old Kingdom (2700 -2150) – Hieroglyphics and religion develop in Egypt – pyramids built • Middle Kingdom (2040 -1786) – extension of Egyptian control into Nubia • New Kingdom (1570 -1075) – militaristic - Hebrews enslaved – mummification perfected

Geography • River dominates Egyptian world/thought • Surrounded by desert with occasional oasis – Permits some trade – Defense from invasion • Contributes to feeling of safety – preserves artifacts

I. The Nile • yearly flooding - no concern for soil depletion – Predictable – Irrigation systems • Encourages – Trade – Communication – Political unity

I. The Nile

Indus Valley Civilization

Identification of Geographic Features in India Indus River Ganges River Peninsula and/or Subcontinent

Himalayan Mountains w This peninsula is surrounded on the north and northwest by the Himalayan Mountains. w This has led to cultural isolation. w Seasonal winds known as monsoons bring rain every summer. w India is dependent upon monsoons to grow their crops. Not enough rain brings drought, too much rain causes deadly floods and destroys crops.

Civilization in the Indus River Valley w About 2500 BC (when the pyramids were rising in Egypt) the first Indian civilizations were forming in the Indus River Valley. w Little is known about these civilizations, but Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were most likely twin capital cities. w Each city was large in area and contained a large structure located on a hilltop that was either a fortress or a temple.

Trade with Sumer w Most of the people of the Indus valley were farmers. They were the first people to grow cotton and weave it into cloth. w There is early evidence of trade with other civilizations including Sumer.

Aryans Take over Indus Valley w Just like not much is known about the development of this region, not much is known about its decline. w For unknown reasons, around 1750 B. C. the Indus Valley began to decline. Then about 1500 B. C. , nomadic warriors known as the Aryans conquered the Indus Valley.

Yellow River Valley Chinese Civilization

China’s Geographic Features Yellow River Chinese civilization grew up in the Yellow and Yangzi river valleys Yangzi River

§ § § The mountains, deserts, jungles and other geographic features have isolated Chinese culture. Having little contact with others , the Chinese believed their culture was the center of the earth and called themselves the Middle Kingdom This is known as ethnocentrism

Trade Spreads Civilization

Religion in the Ancient World

• • City-states controlled the surrounding countryside politically and economically. But, Throughout ancient and medieval times, religion was the central part of most people’s lives throughout the world

The Sumerians built largely with mud bricks. They invented the arch and built some of the largest brick buildings in the world at the time.

- The most important building in each city was the temple. - In Mesopotamia it was built on top of a massive stepped tower called a ziggurat. In Egypt and China they had other types of large temples.

Ancient peoples believed that the world was controlled by supernatural forces (gods or spirits). The Mesopotamians and Egyptians believed in over 3000 gods, they were polytheistic. People were to obey and serve the deities. Sumerians and Egyptians believed that human beings were created to do the manual labor of the gods. Sumerians believed gods owned and ruled the cities through the priests. Egyptians believed the Pharaoh was a living god. Both states were theocracies, a government where religious leaders rule the people.

• Theocracies lead to set hierarchies that have very little change. • This hierarchy usually goes as follows God-King or Head Priests and Nobility Military Farmers Merchants Peasants Slaves

• Slavery was in almost every ancient society. • In ancient India this was even more solidified with the Caste System, a hierarchical system which you are born into a roll and may never leave led by priests. • The Chinese believed that the emperor received the “Mandate of Heaven. ” • This was the belief that when heaven no longer supported the emperor there would be natural disasters or heaven would allow the emperor to be overthrown.

Summary • • Mesopotamians Priests ruled a theocracy. Egypt A god-king called a pharaoh ruled. China Spirit and ancestor worship, believed in the mandate of heaven. India Caste system ruled by priests.

Slaves principally worked on large building projects, wove cloth, and worked the farms of the nobles. Around 90% of the population farmed.

What created this Hierarchy? • Those who controlled the food, the military, and priests would claim power over others. • Generally this hierarchy was accepted as the way of life with priests reinforcing the idea at daily worship and the military using force when necessary. • Slaves were those in society with no power, no land, and no support so they were forced to become property to others. • These harsh systems limited economic mobility and in the long run damaged the economy of ancient states. • However, religion and hierarchy unified the people of the areas and created specific cultures which will later go on to make empires ruled by kings, who used the military to overthrow the priests.

Trade in the Ancient World Ancient Africa

African Trade Kingdoms • • Sub-Saharan African Empires were based on trade In ancient times gold and salt were traded through trade routes across the Sahara Desert In the 200’s CE camel caravans were introduced leading to great wealth. First the Ghana empire rose, then Mali, and finally the Songhai empire controlled the trade routes and the important trade city of Timbuktu

Interregional Trade • Trade is the most important action of any civilization. • Trade • • • Spreads culture, ideas, technology, and information. • Finds markets for excess goods. • Brings in good not found in the region. Most ancient civilizations traded with each other. This will link Africa, the Middle East, and Southern Europe closely around the Mediterranean sea. China will trade with the West via the Silk Road. The Greeks and Phoenicians will be great sea cultures that will trade throughout the entire Mediterranean

• Examples include • The spread of Christianity and Buddhism along trade routes. • The spread of domesticated grains and animals. • The Greek and Egyptian gods becoming the primary gods worshiped throughout the Mediterranean. • Gold and salt being traded to Egypt from Sub-Saharan Africa. • Grain from Egypt and Mesopotamia being traded all over the Mediterranean. • Art objects traded from every empire. • Royal marriages between great powers to cement alliances.

• Other Advantages of Trade leads to urbanization in order to establish trading centers where goods can be sold and services offered to merchants. • Trade leads to government centralization because trade routes need to be protected by the military, which leads to taxing and a bureaucracy (first by China). • Trade leads to infrastructure development in order to make roads, bridges, ports, etc. to help trade. The invention of the wheel around 3000 BC was a boost to trade.

The Sumerians also invented a system of writing called cuneiform (“wedge-shaped”). They used a reed stylus to make wedgeshaped markings on clay tablets, which were then baked in the sun.

Writing was used for record keeping, teaching, and law. Writing also passed on cultural knowledge from generation to generation. Being a scribe was the key to a successful career for an upper-class Mesopotamian boy.

Ancient Governments Types of Governments in the Ancient World

Types of Governments • • Theocracy: Religious based rule (Egypt, Sumer) Monarchy: Rule by a King: (Later Egypt, (Babylon, Israel, Sparta, Phoenicia, Carthage) Empire: An emperor rules multiple kingdoms: (Persia, Rome, Alexander the Great, China) Republic/Democracy: People select their leaders or vote directly on laws (Athens)

What Gives You the Right To Rule? • • Power (Kings) The gods (Theocracy) Mandate of Heaven (China) which said that when a ruler has the mandate, things will go well, when he loses the mandate life gets difficult and revolt happens The people (Democracy)

Led by Sargon, the Akkadians conquered Sumer and established the world’s first empire. An empire is a large political unit that controls many peoples and territories.

In 1792 BC, Hammurabi of Babylon overthrew the Akkadians and established a new empire.

The most important piece of Mesopotamian literature is The Epic of Gilgamesh is a wise and strong part-human/ part-god. When his friend Enkidu dies, Gilgamesh searches for the secret of eternal life but fails teaching that only the gods are immortal.

The Law

The Code of Hammurabi is an important early system of law.

• The principle of retaliation (“an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”) is fundamental to Hammurabi’s code. If a building collapsed and killed someone, the builder was executed. A father could cut off the hand of a son who had hit him. • By carving the laws in stone, it was shown that not even kings were above the law. • Hammurabi’s code expresses the patriarchal nature of Mesopotamian society. Women had fewer privileges and rights than men. • Rome had the 12 tables of law for the same reason • Religious law such as the 10 Commandments served similar purposes but was reinforced by religious as well as temporal leaders. • Greek law developed under Draco’s Law (Draconian) which replaced oral law with written law in order to end blood feuds, this was the 1 st Constitution.

In mathematics they invented a number system based on 60, and they made advances in applying geometry to engineering. In astronomy, the Sumerians charted the constellations using their number system of 60.