THE WORLDS HISTORY Fourth Edition Chapter 11 Islam

Islam • Islam means “submission” in Arabic • Story of Muhammad’s life, words, and

The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson

The Origins of Islam • The Prophet: His Life and Teaching – Visited by

The Origins of Islam • The Five Pillars of Islam – Declaring the Creed

The Origins of Islam • The Five Pillars of Islam [cont. ] – Jihad

The Origins of Islam • Responses to Muhammad – Residents of Mecca found his

The Origins of Islam • Responses to Muhammad [cont. ] – The Hijira and

The Origins of Islam • Responses to Muhammad [cont. ] – Muhammad Extends His

The Origins of Islam • Responses to Muhammad [cont. ] – Connections to Other

Successors to the Prophet • Problem of successor to Muhammad initially met by election

Successors to the Prophet • Religious Conflict and Sunni-Shi’a Division – Should caliph be

Successors to the Prophet • Religious Conflict and the Sunni-Shi’a Division [cont. ] –

Successors to the Prophet • Umayyad Caliphs Build an Empire – Urban life eroded

Successors to the Prophet • The Third Civil War and the Abbasid Caliphs –

Successors to the Prophet • The Weakening of the Caliphate – Abbasids faced succession

Successors to the Prophet • The Weakening of the Caliphate [cont. ] – The

Successors to the Prophet • The Weakening of the Caliphate [cont. ] – Mongols

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering • Fall of Caliphate in 1258 meant fall of

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering • Others point to continued spread of Islam and

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering • Islam Reaches New Peoples – India § Muslim

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering • Islam Reaches New Peoples [cont. ] – Southeast

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering • Islam Reaches New Peoples [cont. ] – Sub-Saharan

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering • Law Provides an Institutional Foundation – Legal system

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering • Sufis Provide Religious Mysticism – The Role of

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering • Intellectual Achievements – History § Formal history introduced

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering • Intellectual Achievements [cont. ] – Philosophy § Encountered

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering • Intellectual Achievements [cont. ] – Mathematics, Astronomy, and

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering • The Extension of Technology – Islam a communication

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering • City Design and Architecture – Muslim governments built

Relations with Non-Muslims • Dhimmi Status – Three choices for non-Muslim in Muslim state

Relations with Non-Muslims • The Crusades (1095 -1291) – Called by Pope Urban II

Relations with Non-Muslims • A Golden Age in Spain – Berbers revitalized Spanish culture

Relations with Non-Muslims • A Golden Age in Spain [cont. ] – Rich hybrid

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: What Difference Do They Make? • Sources of friction among

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THE WORLD’S HISTORY Fourth Edition Chapter 11 Islam Submission to Allah: Muslim Civilization Bridges the World 570 c. e. - 1500 c. e. The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Islam • Islam means “submission” in Arabic • Story of Muhammad’s life, words, and deeds (hadith) are basis of Islam • Teachings of Quran and of Muhammad’s life are fulfilled in the life of a community (the umma) • Combination of religion and government makes Islam similar to empires The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Origins of Islam • The Prophet: His Life and Teaching – Visited by Angel Gabriel in 610 C. E. at age forty; visits continued for twenty years – After Muhammad’s death, his words were memorized and written down as the Quran – Quran regarded as absolute, uncorrupted word of God – Discovery of paper and printing speeds the spread of the Quran The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Origins of Islam • The Five Pillars of Islam – Declaring the Creed – Praying five times a day facing Mecca – Giving alms to the poor – Fasting each day during Ramadan – Making a hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Origins of Islam • The Five Pillars of Islam [cont. ] – Jihad (sacred struggle) sometimes called the “sixth pillar” § For some it means the extension of Muslim lands (dar al-Islam) § For others it means personal struggle – Faithful Muslims will attain paradise – Many parallels among Islam, Judaism, and Christianity The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Origins of Islam • Responses to Muhammad – Residents of Mecca found his moral teachings too demanding and questioned his mental stability – Meccan Christians and Jews did not believe their monotheism needed purification – Death of many of first-generation followers caused remainder to relocate The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Origins of Islam • Responses to Muhammad [cont. ] – The Hijira and the Islamic Calendar § Muhammad invited to Medina to adjudicate dispute § Flight to Medina (622 C. E. ) known as hijira and is Year One of the Islamic calendar § Converted many in Medina but not Jews § Created religious community (umma) interlocked with Islamic government (dar al Islam) § Formulated legal code based on the Quran The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Origins of Islam • Responses to Muhammad [cont. ] – Muhammad Extends His Authority § Warfare between early Muslims and Mecca with Muhammad ultimately winning in 630 C. E. § Muslims destroyed Meccan idols, captured Ka’aba, and turned it and its sacred black rock into Islmaic shrine § By time of Muhammad’s death in 632, Muslims were well on their way to creating an Arabia-wide federation dedicated to faith and the political structure of Islam The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Origins of Islam • Responses to Muhammad [cont. ] – Connections to Other Monotheistic Faiths § Muslims claim Abraham (Hebrew) as the first Muslim and see Jews, Christians, and Muslims as “children of Abraham” § Accept earlier prophets including Jesus as people whose ideas were later corrupted by followers § Believe there will be no further revelations § Christians and Jews allowed to practice their faith but were subject to a special tax The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Successors to the Prophet • Problem of successor to Muhammad initially met by election of close associates as caliph • Military successes spread Islam: Damascus in 636 and Jerusalem in 638 • Administered conquered lands with garrison towns which were unstable • Islam an empire or a religion? The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Successors to the Prophet • Religious Conflict and Sunni-Shi’a Division – Should caliph be from Muhammad’s family [Shi’ites] or from Ummayid clan of recent caliphs [Sunni] ? – Two Shi’a caliphs were assassinated and war broke out (680); eleven Shi’a imams or caliphs were assassinated in all – Shi’a wanted imam to model religious principles; opponents saw post as political The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Successors to the Prophet • Religious Conflict and the Sunni-Shi’a Division [cont. ] – Hereditary line of Muhammad’s family ended with the disappearance of the “twelfth imam” – Office of caliph no longer exists but dispute continues – 83% of Muslims are Sunni today The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Successors to the Prophet • Umayyad Caliphs Build an Empire – Urban life eroded tribal life, created class differences, and mixed Arab and non-Arab elites – Used Byzantine and Persian governing practices – Revolts from 740 s onward but some military victories including Talas River (751), which halted Chinese advance westward The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Successors to the Prophet • The Third Civil War and the Abbasid Caliphs – From northern Iran Abbasids claimed caliphate in 750 – Continued imperial quest of the Umayyids – Abbasids successfully ruled empire for a century with centralized administration and good local relations The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Successors to the Prophet • The Weakening of the Caliphate – Abbasids faced succession issues and civil war – Began to rely more on slave troops – Civilian administration became more corrupt – Tax collection became exploitive The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Successors to the Prophet • The Weakening of the Caliphate [cont. ] – The Emergence of Quasi-Independent States § Distance of rulers from people prompted revolts § Ismaili and Shi’ite leaders promoted rebellion § In 945 rebels took control of Baghdad and effectively ended the empire, but allowed Abbasids to continue to rule in name only § Arrival of Seljuk Turks led to creation of sultanate over government while Abbasids administered the religious side (1055) The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Successors to the Prophet • The Weakening of the Caliphate [cont. ] – Mongols and the Destruction of the Caliphate § Temujin (later called Chinngis Khan) forged alliance with Turks and built extensive empire § Hulegu conquered Baghdad (1258) and executed Abbasid caliph § Death of Hulegu’s brother and military defeat ended expansion of Mongol empire § Muslims continued to expand win converts despite military defeats The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering • Fall of Caliphate in 1258 meant fall of umma • Some scholars saw this as decline of Islam The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering • Others point to continued spread of Islam and its acceptance by Mongol descendents • Current distribution of Muslims shows presence in areas never reached by Caliph or converted after end of caliphate The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering • Islam Reaches New Peoples – India § Muslim raids into India led to conquest of Delhi by 1211 and creation of Delhi Sultanate (1211 -1526) § Controlled subcontinent by 1335 § Most Muslim rulers accommodated Hinduism § Converts to Islam escaped “untouchable” status § Many Muslims were near the top of the social hierarchy The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering • Islam Reaches New Peoples [cont. ] – Southeast Asia § Most conversions occurred in 14 -15 th centuries – Sub-Saharan Africa § Islam arrived via traders and Sufis § Ghana was major trading center, rival of Arabs § Traders converted to Islam; masses in 19 th century § Wave of conversions accompanied defeat of Ghana by Almoravids The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering • Islam Reaches New Peoples [cont. ] – Sub-Saharan Africa [cont. ] § Mansa Musa of Mali, orthodox Muslim, made hajj in 1324 and revealed wealth of area § Timbuktu a major center of learning § Spread of Islam into East Africa met fierce resistance in Christian Ethiopia The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering • Law Provides an Institutional Foundation – Legal system of Islam, shari’a, survived fall of caliph – Can use any of a group of legal interpretations § Abu Hanifah, Malik ibn Anas, Muhammad al-Shafii, Ahmed ibn Hanbal § Exercise primary influence in different regions – Laws administered by religious scholars (ulama) The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering • Sufis Provide Religious Mysticism – The Role of Mysticism § Rose as rejection of materialism of Umayyad § Sufis enabled followers to experience God directly § Sufis attracted adherents with simplicity § Some emphasized ecstatic practices while others were more sober and meditative The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering • Intellectual Achievements – History § Formal history introduced by al-Tabari (c. 839 -923) § Ibn Khaldun (1332 -1406) was first to apply social science theory to the understanding of history § Favored cyclical view of history where new waves of invasion introduced new cycles of history The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering • Intellectual Achievements [cont. ] – Philosophy § Encountered philosophy from Greeks and Indians § Attracted to Platonism and neo-Platonism § Mutazilites argued that Quran should be seen as metaphorical, not literal, word of God § Enabled Christian and Jewish philosophers to encounter Greek and Indian texts The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering • Intellectual Achievements [cont. ] – Mathematics, Astronomy, and Medicine § Astronomy texts from India to Baghdad by 770 § al-Khwarazmi (d. c. 846) developed algebra § Medical cures were spread around the empire § Qanum fi’l-tibb (Canon of Medicine) of ibn Sina (d. 1037) dominated Christian medical thinking for three hundred years The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering • The Extension of Technology – Islam a communication network connecting all major Eurasia civilizations – Exchanged information with all of them – Agricultural exchange extensive – Used irrigation to offset absence of monsoon rains prevalent in India, source of many new crops The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering • City Design and Architecture – Muslim governments built great cities – Mosques were a necessary element of every city and neighborhood – Writings of Ibn Battuta underscore link between cities, commerce, and travel The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Relations with Non-Muslims • Dhimmi Status – Three choices for non-Muslim in Muslim state § Conversion § Dhimmi Status • • For worshippers of one God who accepted Muslim rule Status defined by The Pact of Umar (634 -644) Paid special tax but could worship in their own faith Couldn’t build new churches, seek converts, wear Muslim clothing, or build houses higher than Muslim houses § Fight against the Muslim state The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Relations with Non-Muslims • The Crusades (1095 -1291) – Called by Pope Urban II at request of Alexius I – Were political as much as religious efforts – Early crusades were successful and brutal – European crusaders were mercenaries – Crusades could capture but not hold holy places of Christianity – Crusades divided Christianity along east-west lines The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Relations with Non-Muslims • A Golden Age in Spain – Berbers revitalized Spanish culture and broke Byzantine control of trade in western Mediterranean – End of Spanish caliphate (1030) opened door to start of Christian reconquista The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Relations with Non-Muslims • A Golden Age in Spain [cont. ] – Rich hybrid culture survived in midst of reconquista – Ferdinand Isabella defeated Muslims in 1492 and expel Jews from Spain; Muslims follow The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: What Difference Do They Make? • Sources of friction among religions with common heritage – Are proselytizing religions in search of converts – Each sought to be the government in its areas of predominance – Each became identified with a specific geographic region – But there was also peaceful coexistence The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.