THE WORLDS HISTORY Fourth Edition Chapter 19 Methods

THE WORLD’S HISTORY Fourth Edition Chapter 19 Methods of Mass Production and Destruction 1914 -1937 The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Methods of Mass Production and Consumption Scientific and Technological Creativity • Wave of technology continues in 20 th cent. – Hydroelectric energy and incandescent bulb – Edison and planned invention – Internal combustion engine (Daimler/Benz) – Telephone, telegraph, radio – Impacts of chemistry – Antiseptic surgery, X-rays, public health § U. S. life expectancy at birth reaches 50 in 1910 The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Scientific and Technological Creativity • Laboratories pursue inventions systematically • Advancements in physics have long range impact – Einstein on relativity and nature of light – Only the speed of light remains constant according to these new understandings The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Gender Relations • Labor-saving household raises expectations of how women should manage the home but bicycle provides mobility and freedom • Adolescent exploration of sexuality occurs in wake of films on birth control • Sexuality becomes a field of study with focus on gender differences The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Urbanization and Migration • Mechanization of agriculture depleted rural employment & promoted migration to cities • Once simply the home of industry, urban life flowers into place of entertainment, department store fashions, and spectacle The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Other Side of Progress • Militarized Competition among the Great Powers – German/British economic competition spills over into weaponry – Security tied to continued operation of the balance of power in diplomacy – Freud highlights primal forces & aggression that threaten rational pursuit of security The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Outside Europe • India – Chemistry produces artificial indigo dye § Had been produced on farms in India for export – 1911 royal convocation (darbar) held in Delhi to avoid Indian reactions against British – Britain maintains control of India by pitting Muslims against Hindus – Early stages of freedom movement underway The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Outside Europe • China – Faith in Confucian principles retarded Chinese adoption of new approaches to production – 1911 revolution ushers in Republic The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Outside Europe • China [cont. ] – Leader of movement is Sun Yat-sen § Educated outside China § Advocated “Three People’s Principles” § Nationalism, democracy and Chinese technology – Rejected Marxism The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Outside Europe • Latin America – Early industrialization combined British money and creole leadership in country – Governments in caudillo hands--not democratic – New immigrants from Europe advocate reform – Army, imbued with nationalism, seeks reform – No land reform on agenda--movement does not reach daily lives of the poor The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Outside Europe • Latin America [cont. ] – The Mexican Revolution, 1910 -1930 § Few prospering in early 20 th century § Rebellions end long reign of Porfiro Diaz after planned reelection attempt in 1910 § Zapata offers Plan of Ayala to help peasantry § Instability despite Constitution of 1917 § Obregon prevails over Carranza in 1920 § Mexico an inspirational model for Latin America The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Outside Europe • The Ottoman Empire – Retained economic autonomy but had large debts owed to Europeans – Europe asserted right to intervene on behalf of Christian communities – Young Turks (1908) take over government but can’t solve problems – World War I ends Ottoman empire, Turkey the remnant The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

World War I, 1914 -1918 • Outbreak of war shows lack of system to prevent war • Conflict quickly becomes war of attrition – Trench warfare – Multiple fronts • US entry in 1917 tips balance to Allies – Sinking of Lusitania; Zimmerman Note • 70 million involved; 10 million killed The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

World War I, 1914 -1918 • Post-war Expectations and Results – “Make the world safe for democracy” § Countries for Austro-Hungarian minorities § Freedom for components of Ottoman Empire § Jews to Palestine (Balfour Declaration) § India edges onto the path to independence § Right to vote for women The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

World War I, 1914 -1918 • The Paris Peace Settlements, 1919 – Advocates for new states abound – Political borders of Europe redrawn – Old empires vanish from map § Russian, Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian – Germany restructured § Borders reduced § War guilt clause § Reparations The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

World War I, 1914 -1918 • The League of Nations – High hopes at creation fade as flaws emerge § US does not participate § National self-determination problems § Antagonism toward colonial rulers – Japanese gains prompt May 4 th movement – India does not gain steps toward freedom – African colonies remain in European hands – Mandate system suggests limits on colonialism The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Russian Revolution • The Build-up to Revolution, 1914 -17 – Russian westernization prior to 20 th century – Industrialization minimal § Needed foreign investment – Agriculture unproductive § Peasants lack incentive and agricultural technology § Subdivision of land leaves farms without much land § Land sales to outsiders banned The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Russian Revolution • Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution – Lenin sought immediate communist revolution – Tsarist commitment to war ruins Russia – 1 st 1917 Revolution creates legislature and continuation of war – 2 nd 1917 Revolution brings Bolsheviks to power on promise of “Peace, Land Bread” – Terror and New Economic Plan in wake of 1917 Bolshevik takeover The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Russian Revolution • State Planning in Soviet Russia – Lenin industrializes with western advice – His death in 1924 ushered in power struggle – Stalin defeats Trotsky but implements his “law of combined development with Five Year Plans The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Russian Revolution • State Planning in Soviet Russia [cont. ] – Collectivization of agriculture in 1929 § Many farmers refuse to share crops § Liquidation of kulaks (wealthier peasants) – Industrial success seen as role model by some The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Russian Revolution • Women in the Soviet Union – Government ordered equal pay for equal work but did not enforce the requirement – Women bore “double burden” of wage labor plus household responsibility – Abortion commonplace The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Post-War America • US technological/financial leader after war – Consumer goods include washers & radios • Changes in roles of women – Birth control and new images • Uninvolved in world except Latin America • Labor unrest grows between wars • “Red Scare” and active Ku Klux Klan The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Post-War America • The Depression – Economic downturn accelerated by German war debt – Unemployment high in world except Russia – U. S. “New Deal” reforms nation § Social welfare measures include social security § New regulations of business; Pro-labor policies – Germany moves toward Nazism The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What Difference Do they Make? • Early 20 th Century taught skepticism – Technology brought more than a better life – Nationalism brought unity and war – Revolutions promised more than they delivered – War ended amidst realization it would resume – Totalitarianism emerged in midst of “civilized” world The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.