Four Worlds of History Attention all recipients of

Four Worlds of History Attention all recipients of this file: First, thank you for opening this powerpoint and considering using it! Whether the file was sent to you directly from Teresa or relayed by a colleague, CALIS and USC rely on your professionalism for proper credits and sourcing: Materials developed by or through CALIS are made available online via a database that serves as a digital file cabinet of teaching resources. The Activities Database is a free and unrestricted collection. When teachers or other CALIS partners write, adapt, or collaborate on materials—they are cited. The source information includes their affiliated schools or organizations. As others download and further adapt these materials—all credit and source lines, for teachers as well of for CALIS–USC, should remain in tact as published. This file is provides an “inference exercise” using a 4 W chart to outline information from a textbook. Slides that refer directly to items on the Activities Database have the item referenced. The “Four Worlds” framework is an analytical process. The development of ppt files is an attempt to more easily introduce the process – and the purpose – to interested teachers. Your collaboration is GREATLY appreciated. Teresa Hudock, Director, CALIS First Edition: December 16, 2011 Revised Edition: Nov 27, 2012 Slide Count: 66 213 -740 -7794 or calis@usc. edu/calis 1

Four Worlds of History Modern World History 10 th grade Imperialism 2

Four Worlds of History Modern World History 10 th grade Table of Contents Main Items & Issues 4 – Social Science Factors – the Four Worlds analysis… and other factors 7 – Inference Exercise – “Active Reading” of expository text finding meaning 30 – Synthesis Question 1 – What was Western Europe’s imperial quest? 33 – Imperialism / Imperialism vs. Colonialism / Imperialism in Historical Context 39 – Synthesis Question 2 – Who are the actors in new imperialism of the 1800 s? 54 – Evaluation Question – The point of examining all the details, factors & dynamics 56 – Goals of the Social Sciences 3

Four Worlds of History Social Science Factors These constantly reoccurring basic factors of the human condition are important to recognize regardless of how they are described 4

Four Worlds of History Social Science Factors Identifying factors, relating factors, and determining the “most important" factors is the science of the social sciences. 5

Four Worlds of History Social Science Factors In addition to factors in Four Worlds, --political, economic, social, and cultural-there are other sets of factors that affect all Four Worlds: geography …the natural world technology …the world of invention character …the personal world 6

Standards Check H-SS 10. 4. 1 Political World Social World What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World Cultural World 7

Standards Check H-SS 10. 4. 1 What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World Political World Social World “Like other key developments in world history, the new imperialism exploded out of a combination of causes. ” page 286 Cultural World 8

Standards Check H-SS 10. 4. 1 What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World Political World Social World “Like other key developments in world history, the new imperialism exploded out of a combination of causes. ” causes page 286 Cultural World See factors: reference sheets 1 and 2 9

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World Political World Page 287 offers four paragraphs: ■ ■ Social World Economic Interests Political & Military Motives Humanitarian & Religious Goals Applying Social Darwinism Cultural World 10. 4 Students analyze patterns of global change in the era of New Imperialism in at least two of the following regions or countries: Africa, Southeast Asia, China, India, Latin America, and the Philippines. 1. Describe the rise of industrial economies and their link to imperialism and colonialism (e. g. , the role played by national security and strategic advantage; moral issues raised by the search for national hegemony, Social Darwinism, and the missionary impulse; material issues such as land, resources, and technology). CST blueprint: 10. 4. 1 is an “A” standard 10

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 Political World Social World “Economic Interests” textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World Cultural World 11

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 Political World “Economic Interests” textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Industrial Revolution needs & desires Social World Economic World manufacturers Cultural World 12

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 Political World “Economic Interests” textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Industrial Revolution needs & desires Economic World manufacturers access to natural resources new markets of consumers bankers (investors) Social World ventures profits Cultural World 13

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 Political World “Economic Interests” textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Industrial Revolution needs & desires Economic World manufacturers access to natural resources new markets of consumers bankers (investors) Social World ventures profits Cultural World Europe’s growing population 14

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 Political World “Economic Interests” textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Industrial Revolution needs & desires Economic World manufacturers access to natural resources new markets of consumers bankers (investors) ventures profits “valuable outlet” Social World Cultural World Europe’s growing population 15

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 Political World textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 “Economic Interests” Industrial Revolution Colonies provide… Economic World manufacturers access to natural resources means of production new markets of consumers bankers (investors) ventures profits prosperity “valuable outlet” Social World land Cultural World Europe’s growing population demographic pressures See factors: reference sheets 1 and 2 16

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 Political World Social World “Political & Military Motives” textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World Cultural World 17

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 Political World “Political & Military Motives” textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Industrial Revolution Economic World “Political and military issues were closely linked to economic motives. ” bases for naval vessels and merchant ships supplies Western leaders steam-powered coal national security prestige Social World seized islands harbors Cultural World 18

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 Political World “Political & Military Motives” textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Industrial Revolution Economic World “Political and military issues were closely linked to economic motives. ” Colonies provide… military trade bases for naval vessels Social World steam-powered coal power/energy resources national security prestige merchant ships supplies Western leaders power and prosperity seized islands harbors infrastructure Cultural World 19

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 Political World “Political & Military Motives” textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Industrial Revolution Economic World “Political and military issues were closely linked to economic motives. ” Colonies provide… military trade bases for naval vessels steam-powered coal power/energy resources national security prestige merchant ships supplies Western leaders power and prosperity seized islands harbors infrastructure Cultural World Social World nationalism See factors: reference sheets 1 and 2 20

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 Political World “Political & Military Motives” textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Industrial Revolution Economic World “Political and military issues were closely linked to economic motives. ” Colonies provide… military bases for naval vessels prestige and merchant ships supplies Western leaders power trade steam-powered coal power/energy resources national security prosperity Cultural World Social World nationalism identity pride loyalty See factors: reference sheets 1 and 2 21

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 Political World Social World “Humanitarian & Religious Goals” textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World Cultural World 22

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 Political World “Humanitarian & Religious Goals” textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World Cultural World Social World humanitarian & concern for religious duty “little brothers” blessings of Western civilization 23

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 Political World “Humanitarian & Religious Goals” textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World Cultural World Social World humanitarian & concern for religious beliefs duty values “little brothers” Colonies needed… blessings of Western civilization customs See factors: reference sheets 1 and 2 practices 24

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 Political World “Humanitarian & Religious Goals” textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World Cultural World Social World humanitarian patriarchal & concern hierarchical for Colonies needed… religious duty beliefs values “little brothers” paternal ethnocentric blessings of Western civilization customs See factors: reference sheets 1 and 2 practices 25

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 Political World Social World “Applying Social Darwinism” textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World Cultural World 26

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 Political World Social World “Applying Social Darwinism” textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World racial superiority Cultural World Social Darwinism domination of weaker races West’s civilizing mission improvement of the human species 27

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 Political World “Applying Social Darwinism” textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Social World hierarchical Economic World racial superiority Cultural World beliefs values Social Darwinism domination of weaker races racism West’s civilizing mission improvement of the human species See factors: reference sheets 1 and 2 28

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 Political World “Applying Social Darwinism” textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World Social World racial superiority Cultural World beliefs values Social Darwinism hierarchical domination of weaker races racism West’s civilizing mission Colonies needed… improvement of the human species assimilation See factors: reference sheets 1 and 2 conformity homogeneity 29

Standards Check H-SS 10. 4. 1 What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World Political World Studying each context, is any one factor or world the primary cause of imperialism? The is the root cause of imperialism? cause and effect Social World imperialism What are secondary or contributing causes? Cultural World 30

Standards Check H-SS 10. 4. 1 What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World Political World Given the many factors involved, what is the best approach to end imperialism? problem-solving Social World imperialism Cultural World 31

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World Political World Social World What was Western Europe’s imperial quest? See factors: reference sheet 3 Cultural World 32

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World Political World security Social World prosperity What was Western Europe’s imperial quest? equity See factors: reference sheet 3 Cultural World meaning 33

What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? Standards Check H-SS 10. 4. 1 textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World Political World conquest exploitation for its own security prosperity What was Western Europe’s imperial quest? Social World control Cultural World domination without equity See factors: reference sheet 3 for its own meaning 34

Imperialism “Imperialism, as defined by Dictionary of Human Geography, is "the creation and/or maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination. " The imperialism of the last 500 years, as described by the above work is primarily a western undertaking that employs "expansionist – mercantilism and latterly communist – systems. " Geographical domains have included the German Empire, the Mongolian Empire, the Roman Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, the Portuguese Empire, the Spanish Empire, the Dutch Empire, the Persian Empire, the French Empire, the American Empire, the Russian Empire, the Soviet Empire, the Chinese Empire and the British Empire, but the term can equally be applied to domains of knowledge, beliefs, values and expertise, such as the empires of Christianity (see Christendom) or Islam (see Caliphate). Imperialism is usually autocratic, and also sometimes monolithic (i. e. having a massive, unchanging structure that does not allow individual variation) in character. It can be relatively benign as in Canada, or murderously brutal as in the Congo Free State. "Imagine the output of the whole vast State!" http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Imperialism -- Dec 21, 2011 http: //chss. montclair. edu/english/furr/i 2 l/kls. html 35

Imperialism “Imperialism, as defined by Dictionary of Human Geography, is "the creation and/or maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination. " The imperialism of the last 500 years, as described by the above work is primarily a western undertaking that employs "expansionist – mercantilism and latterly communist – systems. " Geographical domains have included the German Empire, the Mongolian Empire, the Roman Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, the Portuguese Empire, the Spanish Empire, the Dutch Empire, the Persian Empire, the French Empire, the American Empire, the Russian Empire, the Soviet Empire, the Chinese Empire and the British Empire, but the term can equally be applied to domains of knowledge, be equally beliefs, values and expertise, such as the empires of beliefs Christianity (see Christendom) or Islam (see Caliphate). Imperialism is usually autocratic, and also sometimes monolithic (i. e. having a massive, unchanging structure that does not allow individual variation) in character. It can be relatively benign as in Canada, or murderously brutal as in the Congo Free State. "Imagine the output of the whole vast State!" http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Imperialism -- Dec 21, 2011 http: //chss. montclair. edu/english/furr/i 2 l/kls. html 36

Imperialism vs. Colonialism The term 'imperialism' should not be confused with ‘colonialism’ as it often is. Edward Said suggested that imperialism involved “the practice, theory and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan centre ruling a distant territory’”. He goes on to say colonialism refers to the “implanting of settlements on a distant territory”. Robert Young supports thinking as he puts forward that imperialism operates from the center, it is a state policy, and is developed for ideological as well as financial reasons whereas colonialism is nothing more than development for settlement or commercial intentions. http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Imperialism -- Dec 21, 2011 37

Imperialism vs. Colonialism The term 'imperialism' should not be confused with ‘colonialism’ as it often is. Edward Said suggested that imperialism involved “the practice, theory and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan centre ruling a distant territory’”. He goes on to say colonialism refers to the “implanting of settlements on a distant territory”. Robert Young supports thinking as he puts forward that imperialism operates from the center, it is a state policy, and is developed for ideological as well as financial reasons whereas colonialism is nothing more than development for settlement or intentions. commercial intentions http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Imperialism -- Dec 21, 2011 38

Imperialism in Historical Context early colonialism e. g. Ancient Greece Mediterranean settlements early imperialism 15 th to 17 th century Age of Exploration ongoing colonialism 19 th & early 20 th centuries New Imperialism American Imperialism Neo-Imperialism late 19 th & early 20 th centuries North-South relations —the colonial legacy 39

Imperialism in Historical Context Neo-Imperialism North-South relations —the colonial legacy 1945 – to the present? Lack of development and mal-development of colonies meant that they were “behind” once they won their independence. The period of decolonization after WWII gave birth to over 100 new nations (the South) that had not industrialized like imperial powers of Europe and the United States (the North). Former colonies were desperately behind in both political and economic development. The North was able to continue its dominance and exploitation of the South through unequal diplomatic and trade relations. East-West relations —the cold war legacy 1945 – to the present? The period of decolonization was also the beginning of the Cold War—the superpower struggle between the United States and its allies (the West) and the Soviet Union (USSR) and its allies (the East). Both the US and USSR went “fishing in troubled waters” of the new nations that were not yet politically stable. The Americans and Soviets would take opposite sides whether it meant giving arms to dictators or violent rebel groups. Fueling constant war or staunch oppression would slow or stop political and economic development. 40

Standards Check H-SS 10. 4. 1 What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World Political World Social World class Who are the actors in imperialism of the 1800 s? Cultural World status privilege 41

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 Political World stated textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World manufacturers Western leaders bankers consumers colonial officials rival nations Social World class actors Cultural World status privilege Westerners Christian humanitarians missionaries millions of non-Westerners “little brothers” 42

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 Political World stated implied textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World manufacturers Western leaders bankers colonial officials investors rival nations Social World class merchants actors Cultural World status privilege consumers Westerners Christian humanitarians racists missionaries millions of non-Westerners “little brothers” 43

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 Political World stated implied textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World inferred manufacturers bankers Western leaders tyrants investors colonial officials merchants rival nations workers slave labor slave traders actors Social World class consumers Cultural World status Westerners privilege Christian elite wealthy slaves humanitarians racists missionaries millions of non-Westerners “little brothers” 44

Standards Check What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? H-SS 10. 4. 1 Political World stated implied textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World inferred manufacturers bankers Western leaders tyrants investors colonial officials merchants rival nations * workers slave labor slave traders What can happen if a combination of actors is the same person? actors Social World class consumers Cultural World add other actors/roles as they arise status Westerners privilege Christian elite wealthy slaves humanitarians racists missionaries millions of non-Westerners “little brothers” 45

Standards Check H-SS 10. 4. 1 What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World Political World King Leopold II Social World Which roles describe this actor? Cultural World 46

“And Yes, they go on telling everything, these chatterers! They tell how I levy incredibly burdensome taxes upon the natives – taxes which are a pure theft; taxes which they must satisfy by gathering rubber under hard and constantly harder conditions, and by raising and furnishing food supplies gratis – and it all comes out that, when they fall short of their tasks through hunger, sickness, despair, and ceaseless and exhausting labor without rest, and forsake their homes and flee to the woods to escape punishment, my black soldiers, drawn from unfriendly tribes, and instigated and directed by my Belgians, hunt them down and butcher them and burn their villages – reserving some of the girls. They tell it all: how I am wiping a nation of friendless creatures out of existence by every form of murder, for my private pocket’s sake, and how every shilling I get costs a rape, a mutilation or a life. But they never say, although they know it, that I have labored in the cause of religion at the same time and all the time, and have sent missionaries there (of a “convenient stripe, ” as they phrase it), to teach them the error of their ways and bring them to Him who is all mercy and love, and who is the sleepless guardian and friend of all who suffer. They tell only what is against me, they will not tell what is in my favor. King Leopold's Soliloquy: A Defense of His Congo Rule By Mark Twain Boston: The P. R. Warren Co. , 1905. http: //sourcebook. fsc. edu/history/twain. html "They only tell what is against me. " http: //chss. montclair. edu/english/furr/i 2 l/kls. html 47

“And were the fault-finders frank with my private character? They could not be more so if I were a plebeian, a peasant, a medianic. They remind the world that from the earliest days my house has been chapel and brothel combined, and both industries working full time; that I practiced cruelties upon my queen and my daughters, and supplemented them with daily shame and humiliations… “It is as I have said: they are unfair, unjust; they will resurrect and give new currency to such things as those, or to any other things that count against me, but they will not mention any act of mine that is in my favor. I have spent more money on art than any other monarch of my time, and they know it. Do they speak of it, do they tell about it? No, they do not. They prefer to work up what they call “ghastly statistics” into offensive kindergarten object lessons, whose purpose is to make sentimental people shudder, and prejudice them against me. They remark that “if the innocent blood shed in the Congo State by King Leopold were put in buckets and the buckets placed side by side, the line would stretch 2, 000 miles; if the skeletons of his ten millions of starved and butchered dead could rise up and march in single file, it would take them seven months and four days to pass a given point; if compacted together in a body, they would occupy more ground than St. Louis covers, World’s Fair and all; if they should all clap their bony hands at once, the grisly crash would be heard at a distance of –” Damnation, it makes me tired! King Leopold's Soliloquy - continued 48

Standards Check H-SS 10. 4. 1 What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World Political World * What can happen if a combination of actors is the same person? Social World King Leopold II Cultural World 49

Standards Check H-SS 10. 4. 1 What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World Political World Cecil Rhodes Social World Which roles describe this actor? Cultural World 50

Cecil John Rhodes (1853– 1902) was an English-born South African businessman, mining magnate, and politician. He was the founder of the diamond company De Beers, which today markets 40% of the world's rough diamonds and at one time marketed 90%. An ardent believer in British colonial imperialism, he was the founder of the state of Rhodesia, which was named after him. In 1964, Northern Rhodesia became the independent state of Zambia and Southern Rhodesia was thereafter known as simply as Rhodesia. In 1980, Rhodesia, which had been de-facto independent since 1965, was granted independence by Britain and was renamed Zimbabwe. South Africa's Rhodes University is also named after Rhodes. He set up the provisions of the Rhodes Scholarship, which is funded by his estate. Historian Richard A. Mc. Farlane views Rhodes "as integral a participant in southern African and British imperial history as George Washington or Abraham Lincoln are in their respective eras in United States history. . . most histories of South Africa covering the last decades of the nineteenth century are contributions to the historiography of Cecil Rhodes. http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes - Dec 21, 2011 "The Rhodes Colossus" - cartoon by Edward Linley Sambourne, published in Punch after Rhodes announced plans for a telegraph line from Cape Town to Cairo. 51

Rhodes -- Politics in South Africa Rhodes' policies were instrumental in the development of British imperial policies in South Africa, such as the Hut tax. He did not, however, have direct political power over the Boer Republic of the Transvaal. He often disagreed with the Transvaal government's policies. He believed he could use his money and his power to overthrow the Boer government and install a British colonial government supporting mine-owners' interests in its place. In 1895, Rhodes supported an attack on the Transvaal, the infamous Jameson Raid, which proceeded with the tacit approval of Secretary of State for the Colonies Joseph Chamberlain. The raid was a catastrophic failure. It forced Cecil Rhodes to resign as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony, sent his oldest brother Col. Frank Rhodes to jail in Transvaal convicted of high treason and nearly sentenced to death, and led to the outbreak of both the Second Matabele War and the Second Boer War. http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes - Dec 21, 2011 52

Rhodes and the imperial factor Rhodes used his wealth and that of his business partner Alfred Beit and other investors to pursue his dream of creating a British Empire in new territories to the north by obtaining mineral concessions from the most powerful indigenous chiefs. Rhodes' competitive advantage over other mineral prospecting companies was his combination of wealth and astute political instincts, also called the 'imperial factor', as he used the British Government. He befriended its local representatives, the British Commissioners, and through them organised British protectorates over the mineral concession areas via separate but related treaties. In this way he obtained both legality and security for mining operations. He could then win over more investors. Imperial expansion and capital investment went hand in hand. The imperial factor was a double-edged sword: Rhodes did not want the bureaucrats of the Colonial Office in London to interfere in the Empire in Africa. He wanted British settlers and local politicians and governors to run it. This put him on a collision course with many in Britain, as well as with British missionaries, who favoured what they saw as the more ethical direct rule from London. Rhodes won because he would pay to administer the territories north of South Africa against future mining profits. The Colonial Office did not have the funds to do it. Rhodes promoted his business interests as in the strategic interest of Britain: preventing the Portuguese, the Germans or the Boers from moving in to south-central Africa. Rhodes' companies and agents cemented these advantages by obtaining many mining concessions, as exemplified by the Rudd and Lochner Concessions. http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes - Dec 21, 2011 53

Rhodes – Political Views Rhodes wanted to expand the British Empire because he believed that the Anglo-Saxon race was destined to greatness. In his last will and testament, Rhodes said of the British, "I contend that we are the first race in the world and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race. " He wanted to make the British Empire a superpower in which all of the British-dominated countries in the empire, including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Cape Colony, would be represented in the British Parliament. Rhodes included American students as eligible for the Rhodes scholarships. He said that he wanted to breed an American elite of philosopher-kings who would have the United States rejoin the British Empire. As Rhodes also respected the Germans and admired the Kaiser, he allowed German students to be included in the Rhodes scholarships. He believed that eventually the United Kingdom (including Ireland), the USA and Germany together would dominate the world and ensure peace. Confusingly for the modern reader, self-government of the type Rhodes supported was known as "colonialism". The opposed policy, direct control of a colony from London, was known as "imperialism". This should be kept in mind when reading documents from this time. http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes - Dec 21, 2011 54

Standards Check H-SS 10. 4. 1 What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World Political World Cecil Rhodes Social World Which roles describe this actor? Cultural World 55

Standards Check H-SS 10. 4. 1 What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World Political World The point of examining all the details, factors & dynamics Evaluation Question Is any one factor or one world of factors the primary cause of imperialism? Social World Cultural World 56

Standards Check H-SS 10. 4. 1 What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800 s? textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287 Economic World Political World The point of examining all the details, factors & dynamics Evaluation Question Is any one factor or one world of factors the primary cause of imperialism? Cultural World Social World Essential Questions How can a nation limit the drive to exploit, control, dominate, oppress, or hurt others for its own benefit or hubris? What types of policies exemplify good governance where no one is unfairly advantaged or unfairly disadvantaged? 57

What is the objective of the social sciences? 58

What is the objective of the social sciences? to better understand the human condition 59

What is the objective of the social sciences? to better understand the human condition in order to make the human condition better 60

What are the objectives of the 4 W model? an analytical exercise to engage in the science of the social sciences • • • make connections, trace dynamics identify action/reaction across worlds infer concepts build detail & complexity evaluate factors, causes, responses 61

OTHER objectives of the 4 W model? an analytical exercise to practice • • active reading purposeful, directed reading as research meaningful reading to respond to a relevant question/problem 62

OTHER objectives of the 4 W model? an analytical exercise to practice academic literacy, rigor, relevance • • active reading purposeful, directed reading as research meaningful reading to respond to an historical question/problem 63

We do not claim that the portrait we present here is a true one, only that it comes close. Victor Hugo Les Miserables 64

Four Worlds of History a project of the Center for Active Learning in International Studies UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Four Worlds analytical framework developed by Steven Lamy, Professor of International Relations Four Worlds of History adapted by Teresa Hudock, Director, and Sandy Line, Associate CALIS, USC 65

Four Worlds of History Center for Active Learning in International Studies UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA For more information, contact: Teresa Hudock calis@usc. edu 213 -740 -7794 Classroom materials are available free online at usc. edu/calis 66