THE WORLDS HISTORY Fourth Edition Chapter 6 Rome

Rome and the Barbarians • At height, 2 nd century C. E. , Roman

From Hill Town to Republic • The Founding of the Roman Republic – Founded

The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson

From Hill Town to Republic • Conquest of Italy 396– 264 B. C. E.

Social World of the Late Republic • Social War and extension of Roman citizenship

Social World of the Late Republic • Struggle of the Orders 494– 440 B.

Social World of the Late Republic • The late Republican struggle between nobles and

Social World of the Late Republic • “Bread and circuses” • Slaves – Very

Military Might • A. Militarism = central to Roman ideology • Generals as politicians

Military Might • First Triumvirate – Rise of G. Julius Caesar – Conquest of

From Republic to Empire • Establishment of the principate – Octavian (Augustus Caesar) as

From Republic to Empire • Economic life in the Empire – Exploitation of subject

Roman Culture • The deep influence of Greece • Virgil and the rhetoric of

Roman Culture • Roman religion – Greco-Roman polytheism – Addition of a cult of

Roman Culture • Roman religion (cont. ) – Triumph of Christianity § Persecution §

Transformation of the Roman Empire • The problem of “barbarians” – Celts § Arrival

Transformation of the Roman Empire • The problem of “barbarians” – Steppe peoples, especially

Transformation of the Roman Empire • Dismemberment of Empire – Plague – Third-century crisis:

Transformation of the Roman Empire • Causes for the “fall” – Military = too

Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) • Survival of eastern empire • Resurgence under Justinian

Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) • Religious Disputes – Monophysites – Iconoclasm • Build-up

Legacy of the Roman Empire • Linguistic • Legal • Urban • Transformation of

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THE WORLD’S HISTORY Fourth Edition Chapter 6 Rome and the Barbarians The Rise and Dismemberment of Empire 750 b. c. e – 500 b. c. e. The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Rome and the Barbarians • At height, 2 nd century C. E. , Roman Empire contained 70 -100 million people in an empire reaching 2, 700 miles east to west and 2, 500 miles north to south • Rome enforced Pax Romana across empire • Contemporaries praised it for promoting peace and prosperity while critics claimed Pax Romana was brute military conquest The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

From Hill Town to Republic • The Founding of the Roman Republic – Founded in 753 B. C. E. [in legend] – Ruled for 250 years by Etrurians [Etruscans] – Republic created in 509 B. C. E. when upper-class Romans drove Etruscans out of city – New republican government had two consuls and a Senate using a system of checks and balances The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

From Hill Town to Republic • Conquest of Italy 396– 264 B. C. E. – Punic Wars § Rivalry of Carthage § First Punic War 264– 241 B. C. E. ; Roman conquest of Sicily § Second Punic War 219– 202 B. C. E. • The threat of Hannibal (247– 183 B. C. E. ) § Third Punic War 149– 146 B. C. E. ; destruction of Carthage – Conquests in Europe and Near East The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Social World of the Late Republic • Social War and extension of Roman citizenship to Italians • Patron/client relationship – Protection/dependence as social glue • Family – Power of paterfamilias – Position of women in Roman society The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Social World of the Late Republic • Struggle of the Orders 494– 440 B. C. E. – Patrician v. plebeian – Limitations on absolute power of the rich The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Social World of the Late Republic • The late Republican struggle between nobles and the poor (cont. ) – Extremes of wealth and poverty in Rome – Great reform effort: the Gracchi (130 s and 120 s B. C. E. ) § New violence of Roman politics § Support of poor as political strategy § Noble/poor conflict paved way for end of Republic The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Social World of the Late Republic • “Bread and circuses” • Slaves – Very widespread slavery – Three great slave revolts The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Military Might • A. Militarism = central to Roman ideology • Generals as politicians – Marian reform of army: recruitment of propertyless soldiers – New dependence of soldiers on their generals The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Military Might • First Triumvirate – Rise of G. Julius Caesar – Conquest of Gaul – Caesar as dictator • Octavian - Antony civil war for sole control of Roman state The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

From Republic to Empire • Establishment of the principate – Octavian (Augustus Caesar) as sole ruler 30 B. C. E. – 14 C. E. § Rule of Augustus as “golden age” – Augustus as imperator – Further conquests The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

From Republic to Empire • Economic life in the Empire – Exploitation of subject peoples – The problem of decadence – Flourishing of trade and administrative cities – Luxury trade and its profits The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Roman Culture • The deep influence of Greece • Virgil and the rhetoric of greatness • Stoicism The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Roman Culture • Roman religion – Greco-Roman polytheism – Addition of a cult of deified emperors § Addition of mystery religions § Mithraism § Cybele, Isis – Tolerance of all religions that weren’t harmful to the state The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Roman Culture • Roman religion (cont. ) – Triumph of Christianity § Persecution § Constantine and the Peace of the Church § Outlawing of polytheism 394 C. E. The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transformation of the Roman Empire • The problem of “barbarians” – Celts § Arrival in Europe c. 2000 B. C. E. § Expansion/threat to Mediterranean c. 400 B. C. E. on § Defeats by Romans – Germans § Many conflicts along frontier § Gradual settlement of Germanic tribes within western Empire The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transformation of the Roman Empire • The problem of “barbarians” – Steppe peoples, especially Huns § Huns upset balance of borders c. 370 C. E. § Move of Goths into imperial territory to escape Huns The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transformation of the Roman Empire • Dismemberment of Empire – Plague – Third-century crisis: series of invasions – Division into eastern and western empires – Settlement of Germans within Empire as “federates” – 410 sack of Rome – 476 abdication of last western emperor The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transformation of the Roman Empire • Causes for the “fall” – Military = too expensive for its economic base – No fixed system of imperial succession – Germans The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) • Survival of eastern empire • Resurgence under Justinian I (r. 527– 565 C. E. ) – Justinian Code – Reconquest of much of the West The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) • Religious Disputes – Monophysites – Iconoclasm • Build-up of strong Byzantine bureaucracy The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Legacy of the Roman Empire • Linguistic • Legal • Urban • Transformation of Roman administration by Christian church The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.