The Northern Cities Shift A radical rotation of

The Northern Cities Shift A radical rotation of the short vowels in the Inland North of the United States, which began in the middle of the 20 th century and is the major factor in the increasing differentiation of the vowel systems of the North from the Midland the South

The Northern Cities Shift A radical rotation of the short vowels in the Inland North of the United States, which began in the middle of the 20 th century and is the major factor in the increasing differentiation of the vowel systems of the North from the Midland the South

The Northern Cities Shift Word Phrase Sentence 1. _____________ 2. _____________ 3. _____________ 4. _____________

Misunderstandings from the Northern Cities Shift Word Phrase Sentence 1. black _______ living on one block 2. sacks _______ had to wear socks 3. dusk _______ behind the desk 4. bosses _______ buses with the antennas

The Northern Cities Shift Æ1 EQ UD ED

The Northern Cities Shift O 2 measure: fronting of /o/ beyond 1450 Hz/

Isoglosses defining the progress of the Northern Cities Shift

Isoglosses defining the progress of the Northern Cities Shift

Speakers who show all six elements of the NCS

ANAE Map 11. 14: Isoglosses defining the Inland North

The Northern Cities Shift: Mean values of low vowels for 21 dialects. IN PI = Pittsburgh IS = Inland South WPA = Western Pennsylvania M = Midland; CA = Canada N = Inland North. PR = Providence;

The Erie Canal

Raised short-a system of Simon Z. , 47 [1995], Syracuse NY TS 331

Raised /æ/ system of Randall R. , 24 [1993], Chicago IL TS 67

Nasal short-a system of Tom K. , 45 [1996], Middletown CT, TS 476

Nasal short-a system of Natalie M. , 43 [1998], Portland ME, TS 724

Split short-a system of Nina B. , 62 [1996], New York City, TS 495

Short-a systems in the formation of the Inland North

The Northern Cities Shift desk busses bosses mat head block socks

The Northern Cities Shift desk busses bosses mat head block socks

The UD measure of the Northern Cities Shift

The ED measure of the Northern Cities Shift

The EQ measure of the Northern Cities Shift,

Figure 11. 3. Presence and absence of the Northern Cities Shift as measured by F 2(e) - F 2(o) [=EOD] (a) Rita O. , 42, Muncie IN TS 225. EOD = 849 (b) Leslie R. , 42, Detroit MI TS 125. EOD = 230 (c) Sherry K. , 35, Rochester NY TS 173. EOD = -7.

Settlement patterns shown by diffusion of building methods from seaboard nuclei --Kniffen & Glassie 1966. Fig. 27

The canal era: 1825 -50 --A. Wexler. Atlas of Westward Expansion. NY: Facts on File, 1995. p. 64

Extended sample of speech from Sharon K. , 35, Rochester, TS 359 Sharon K. is an advanced speaker of the Northern Cities Shift. Listen for the raising and fronting of short a in bad, have, that fronting of short o in gotta, job, Xerox, lot backing of short e in rest, education backing of short u in country Well. . . I-I--basically we’re just like the rest of the country, but uh--. . it’s not too bad, y’know, y’gotta have. . education t’get a job in these days. It’s gotten a little tougher that way. Y’know, Xerox , or Xerox here, and IBM, and I guess they’re doin’ pretty good, y’know. Uhm--yeh, everybody I know does. Now I know there’s people. . Y’know most people I know have jobs. Y’know I don’t really know too many people that don’t. . or have-- own their own businesses. Y’know, me and my husband both have our own business--and I see a lot of that, I know a lot of people that have their own business. Y’know, compared to the way it used to be. . . Y’know, you go work for somebody now. . . I think that’s changed a lot.

Extended sample of speech from Sharon K. , 35, Rochester, TS 359 Sharon K. is an advanced speaker of the Northern Cities Shift. Listen for the raising and fronting of short a in Catholic, adding, taxes, fact fronting of short /o/ in modeling, lot backing of short /e/ in send, went, sending fronting of /ay/ in nine backing of /i/ in tuition Yeah, well I send my kids to private school, but--across the street from me is a Catholic school, y’know I send ‘em there. I went there, in fact I live in the house that I grew up in. We’re re-modeling right now, uh adding on to the family room, and doing the work. We-we like the neighborhood, and we feel very comfortable here. We like all the neighbors, y’know, neighbors I’ve known since I was nine. Bishop Parity behind us, but I don’t know if we’re gonna be sending him there. The tuition could be very expensive. As it is now, we’re paying a lot for public. . . Y’know we pay a lot of--taxes are very high here.

The progress of the Northern Cities Shift in the Inland North [N=71] by the EOD measure, city size and age < 40 40 -59 60+ Kenosha Buffalo Detroit Chicago

Fig. 12. 3. The backing of wedge in the Northern Cities Shift

Map 11. 3. The discontinuous character of the Inland North with re-assignment of Erie, PA

NCS Correlations North . 35 . 42 e ^ æ oh o. 45 Non. North . 24 . 15 . 36 e ^ æ oh o. 06 . 25

Regression coefficients of the NCS for the Inland North speakers of the Atlas of North American English [N=68]. F 2(æ) F 2(o) F 1(oh) F 2(e) Age: * 25 years 24 -18 -25 74 Gender: female 91 -18 14 -48 Education: < 13 yrs 65 F 2(^) -33 -27 red coefficients = favoring the change in progress blue coefficients = disfavoring the change in progress

Gender and social category determination of five elements of the Northern City Shift in a Detroit suburban high school æ ^ Source: Eckert 2000

ANAE notation for the word classes of North American English kid could keyed Ked cud cade cad cod suit cooed coy code hide cowed cawed father