Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines Oncology Guidelines Index Version

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript Bladder Cancer Bladder cancer Taipei Veterans General Hospital Practices Guidelines for Bladder Cancer 2010年 1月12日制訂 2011年 10月18日修訂 2012年 10月16日修訂

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Bladder cancer 壹、前言 Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Bladder cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript 一、適用範圍 For urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder in all age groups 二、目的Purpose To establish the consensus of the clinicians regarding their views of currently accepted approaches to treatment of urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder 三、指引使用者The target users of the guideline Medical team focusing on bladder cancer treatment in TPEVGH， including urologist， medical oncologist， radiation oncologist.

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer 貳、重要臨床準則 Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer 一、評估Assessment History Physical examination Complete blood count Urinalysis Cytology of urine Chest X-ray IVP Sonography of urinary bladder CT scan of staging Whole body bone scan Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer 二、診斷依據Diagnosis criteria Urine cytology IVP Sonography of urinary bladder Cystoscopy with biopsy CT scan of staging Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer 三、鑑別診斷Differential Diagnosis Inverted papilloma Metastasis from colon, uterine, or cervix Direct tumor invasion from prostate Ca Cystitis glandularis Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript 四、疾病（病理）分期Disease and Pathology stage 2010 TNM classification of bladder cancer 1 -2

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript Grading system 3 -4 2004 WHO grading • Urothelial papilloma • Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP) • Low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma • High-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript 五、臨床症狀signs and symptoms Hematuria Frequency, urgency of urination Dysuria, urine retention Anemia

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript 六、發生率與盛行率Incident and prevalent Bladder cancer: 90% of cancers of the urinary collecting system (renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, urethra). Incidence is lowest in Asia. Incidence of bladder cancer increases with age 5. The disease is more prevalent in blackfoot disease area in Taiwan and may have unfavorable outcomes 6.

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer 七、檢驗與其他檢查 Laboratory and other examination Urine routine Urine cytology IVP Sonography CT scan Bone scan Chest x-ray Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript Recommendations for staging in verified bladder tumors 7

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript Diagnosis of invasive bladder cancer • Cystoscopy and biopsy • Imaging only if staging will make a difference to the selection of treatment options

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript Local staging for patients considered suitable for radical treatment • Magnetic resonance imaging with fast dynamic contrast enhancement • Multidetector-row CT with contrast enhancement

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript For patients with confirmed muscle-invasive bladder cancer • chest X-Rays, and chest multidetoctor-row CT when indicated, abdomen and pelvis, including multidetectorrow CT urography for complete examination of the upper urinary tracts • Lesser alternatives (e. g. if multidetector-row CT is unavailable) are excretory urography and a chest X-ray

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer 八、住院及出院條件 Admission and Discharge criteria Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Admission criteria For diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder For treatment of urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Discharge criteria Stable condition after treatment Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Recommendations for primary assessment of presumably invasive bladder tumours 7 Renal and bladder ultrasonography, IVU or CT prior to TUR Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript Cystoscopy with description of the tumour (site, size, number and appearance) and mucosal abnormalities. A bladder diagram is recommended Biopsies of abnormal-looking urothelium Biopsies from normal-looking mucosa when cytology is positive or when exophytic tumour is of non-papillary appearance or in case of fluorescence if PDD is used Biopsy of the prostatic urethra in the case of bladder neck tumour, when bladder CIS is present or suspected or when abnormalities of prostatic urethra are visible

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript A second TUR at 2 -6 weeks after the initial resection when it was incomplete 8 -10 The pathological report should specify the grade, the depth of tumour invasion and whether the lamina propria and muscle are present in the specimen

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer 九、主要治療處置 Primary treatment and management Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Recommendations In patients with high-grade Ta. T 1 -tumours, a complete TUR and intravesical therapy is recommended Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript In all T 1 tumours at high risk of progression (i. e. high grade, multifocality, CIS, and tumour size, as outlined in the EAU guidelines for nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer), immediate radical cystectomy is an option

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript In all T 1 patients failing intravesical therapy, cystectomy is an option. A delay in cystectomy increases the risk of progression and cancer-specific death 11 -12 Recommendations regarding cystectomy Radical cystectomy is recommended in T 2 -T 4 a, N 0 -NX, M 0, and high risk non-muscle-invasive BC (as outlined above)13

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript No pre-operative radiotherapy Lymph node dissection should be an integral part of cystectomy, but the extent of the dissection has not been established 14 -15 Preservation of the urethra is reasonable if margins are negative. Laparoscopic and robot-assisted laparoscopic cystectomy may be options. However, current data have not sufficientlyproven the advantages or disadvantages of laparoscopic cystectomy 16

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer 十、輔助或替代治療Adjuvant /Substitute treatment Bladder instillation(mitomycin C, or BCG) for nonmuscle invasive carncer Partial cystectomy Palliative cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer External beam radiotherapy Chemotherapy for advanced diseases Supportive treatment for terminal diseases Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript Bladder Cancer recommendations for adjuvant therapy • In patients at low risk of tumour recurrence and progression, one immediate instillation of chemotherapy is strongly recommended as the complete adjuvant treatment. But should consider the operative finding of bladder perforation of post OP bleeding. • In patients at an intermediate or high risk of recurrence and an intermediate risk of progression, one immediate instillation of chemotherapy should be followed by further instillations of chemotherapy or a minimum of 1 year of BCG.

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript • In patients at high risk of tumour progression, after an immediate instillation of chemotherapy, intravesical BCG for at least 1 year is indicated. • Immediate radical cystectomy may be offered to patients at highest risk of tumour progression. In patients with BCG failure, cystectomy is recommended. • The absolute risks of recurrence and of progression do not always indicate the risk at which a certain therapy is optimal. The choice of therapy may be considered differently according to what risk is acceptable for the individual patient and the urologist.

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript 十一、無法切除的腫瘤 (A). Usually c. T 4 a, c. T 4 b, or Any T N 1, N 2, N 3 a. Regional node (-) : biospy proven or no suspicious LN Chemotherapy 3 -4 cycles 1. or 2. or 3. 1. Cystectomy followed by 2 -3 cycles of chemotherapy 2. Chemotherapy + R/T (curative intent) 3. Further chemotherapy ± palliative R/T

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript b. LN (+), biopsy proven or highly suspected : > 2 cm or by roentgenologist Chemotherapy ± R/T, 3 -6 cycles 1. No tumor: Boost with R/T, cystectomy, 2. Tumor persists: Invasive: i. cystectomy, ii. chemotherapy or radiotherapy alone iii. chemotherapy ± R/T

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript (B). M 1 a. Node only : Chemotherapy ± R/T, 3 -6 cycles 1. No tumor : Boost with R/T, cystectomy, or observation. 2. Tumor persists: Invasive i. cystectomy, ii. chemotherapy or radiotherapy alone iii. chemotherapy ± R/T

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer b. Disseminated: 1. Chemtherapy 2. Chemotherapy + palliactive R/T Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer (C). T 2, T 3, T 4 with comorbid disease or poor performance status, not suitable for cystectomy a. TURBT alone b. RT alone c. chemotherapy ± R/T Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer 十二、手術前化療及手術後化療 手術前化療: (A). T 3 N 0, strongly suggested: a. Chemotherapy 3 -4 cycles, followed by 1. cystectomy, radical 2. selective bladder sparing following maximum TURBT with concurrent C/T + R/T (only for without hydronephrosis) Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript (B). T 2 N 0, optional: a. chemotherapy, followed by : 1. radical cystectomy 2. segmental cystectomy (highly selected) 3. selective bladder sparing following maximum TURBT with concurrent C/T + R/T (only for without hydronephrosis)

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript 手術後化療 (A). T 2 N 0, optional : chemotherapy was suggested for a. segmental cyastectomy (± R/T) b. bladder sparing, (± R/T) c. radical cystectomy with lymphovascular involvement d. microscopic residual tumor (B). T 2 N 1 -3, T 3 any N See 十一. ( A )

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index 十三、轉移性疾病 See 十一. ( B ) Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript 十四、預後Outcome 5 -year recurrence-free survival: p. T 1: 76%, p. T 2 : 74% , p. T 3: 52%, p. T 4 : 36%

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript 十五、住院天數Length of stay 5 -7 days for non-muscle invasive cancer 14 -21 days for muscle invasive cancer

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer 十六、出院計畫Discharge Plan Regular outpatient department follow-up Visiting emergency room if conditions requiring immediate attention Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer 十七、出院衛教Discharge health education Avoid risk factors Environmental factors (cigarette smoking) Chemical exposure: benzene derivatives and arylamines Antiinflammatory agents (phenacetin) External beam radiation therapy Chronic urinary tract infection Regular follow-up Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer 十八、出院追蹤Discharge Follow up Every 3 months for the first 2 years, every 6 months for the next 3 years, and yearly thereafter if the patient is free from disease recurrence Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer 參考文獻 Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript 1. Cheng L, Montironi R, Davidson DD, Lopez-Beltran A. Staging and reporting of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Mod Pathol 2009; 22 Suppl 2: S 70 -95. 2. Ward JF, Margulis V. Continous improvement of TNM staging system for bladder cancer. Cancer 2009; 115: 704 -5. 3. May M, Brookman-Amissah S, Roigas J, et al. Prognostic Accuracy of Individual Uropathologists in Noninvasive Urinary Bladder Carcinoma: A Multicentre Study Comparing the 1973 and 2004 World Health Organisation Classifications. Eur Urol 2009. 4. Bircan S, Candir O, Serel TA. Comparison of WHO 1973, WHO/ISUP 1998, WHO 1999 grade and combined scoring systems in evaluation of bladder carcinoma. Urol Int 2004; 73: 201 -8.

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript 5. Pashos CL, Botteman MF, Laskin BL, Redaelli A. Bladder cancer: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Cancer Pract 2002; 10: 311 -22. 6. Chen CH, Chiou HY, Hsueh YM, Chen CJ, Yu HJ, Pu YS. Clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcome of arsenic related bladder cancer in taiwan. J Urol 2009; 181: 547 -52; discussion 53. 7. Stenzl A, Cowan NC, De Santis M, et al. The updated EAU guidelines on muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer. Eur Urol 2009; 55: 815 -25. 8. Malmstrom PU, Rintala E, Wahlqvist R, Hellstrom P, Hellsten S, Hannisdal E. Five-year followup of a prospective trial of radical cystectomy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy: Nordic Cystectomy Trial I. The Nordic Cooperative Bladder Cancer Study Group. J Urol 1996; 155: 1903 -6.

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript 9. Neoadjuvant cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a randomised controlled trial. International collaboration of trialists. Lancet 1999; 354: 533 -40. 10. Brauers A, Buettner R, Jakse G. Second resection and prognosis of primary high risk superficial bladder cancer: is cystectomy often too early? J Urol 2001; 165: 808 -10. 11. Pansadoro V, Emiliozzi P, de Paula F, Scarpone P, Pansadoro A, Sternberg CN. Long-term follow-up of G 3 T 1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder treated with intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin: 18 -year experience. Urology 2002; 59: 227 -31. 12. Freeman JA, Esrig D, Stein JP, et al. Radical cystectomy for high risk patients with superficial bladder cancer in the era of orthotopic urinary reconstruction. Cancer 1995; 76: 833 -9.

Taipei VGH Practice Guidelines: Oncology Guidelines Index Bladder Cancer Version 2012 Oct Table of Content Staging, Manuscript 13. Miller DC, Taub DA, Dunn RL, Montie JE, Wei JT. The impact of co-morbid disease on cancer control and survival following radical cystectomy. J Urol 2003; 169: 105 -9. 14. Herr HW, Bochner BH, Dalbagni G, Donat SM, Reuter VE, Bajorin DF. Impact of the number of lymph nodes retrieved on outcome in patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol 2002; 167: 1295 -8. 15. Poulsen AL, Horn T, Steven K. Radical cystectomy: extending the limits of pelvic lymph node dissection improves survival for patients with bladder cancer confined to the bladder wall. J Urol 1998; 160: 2015 -9; discussion 20. 16. Kasraeian A, Barret E, Cathelineau X, et al. Robot-assisted laparoscopic cystoprostatectomy with extended pelvic lymphadenectomy, extracorporeal enterocystoplasty, and intracorporeal enterourethral anastomosis: initial Montsouris experience. J Endourol 2010; 24: 409 -13.