Chapter 2 Body Structure Color and Oncology Copyright

Chapter 2 Lesson 2. 1 Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an

Objectives Identify anatomic structures of the human body. Define and spell word parts related to body structure, color, and oncology. Define, pronounce, and spell disease and disorder oncology terms. Define, pronounce, and spell body structure terms Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -3

Organization of the Human Body cell: basic unit of all life tissue: similar cells that perform a specific task organ: two or more kinds of tissue that together perform special body functions system: a group of organs that work together to perform complex body functions Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -4

Body Cells The human body is composed of trillions of cells of various sizes and shapes. cell membrane: boundary of a cell Ø cytoplasm: substance outside nucleus of a cell Ø nucleus: central structure containing chromosomes Ø Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -5

Body Cells (cont’d. ) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate

Types of Tissues muscle tissue: produces movement nervous tissue: conducts impulses to and from the brain connective tissue: connects, supports, penetrates, and encases various body structures epithelial tissue: found in the skin and lining of the blood vessels Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -7

Organization of the Human Body chromosomes: 46 in human cells except for mature sex cell, which has 23 genes: regions within the chromosome (determine hereditary characteristics) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): each gene is composed of DNA, a chemical that regulates the activities of the cell Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -8

Body Cavities cranial cavity: brain spinal cavity: spinal cord thoracic cavity: heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchi abdominal cavity: stomach, intestines, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, ureters pelvic cavity: urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, part of large intestine, rectum Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -9

Body Cavities (cont’d. ) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate

Combining Forms of Body Structure aden/o cyt/o epitheli/o fibr/o hist/o kary/o lip/o my/o neur/o organ/o sarc/o system/o viscer/o Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -11

Organization of the Human Body (cont’d. ) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Types of Tissues (cont’d. ) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an

Combining Forms Commonly Used with Body Structure Terms cancer/o, carcin/o eti/o gno/o iatr/o lei/o onc/o path/o rhabd/o somat/o Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -14

Combining Forms for Colors chlor/o chrom/o cyan/o erythr/o leuk/o melan/o xanth/o Copyright © 2009,

Prefixes diadyshyperhypometaneopro- Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier

Suffixes -al, -ic, -ous -cyte -genesis -genic -logist -logy -oid -oma -osis -pathy -plasia -plasm -sarcoma -sis -stasis Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -17

Compare and Contrast Word Root cyt/o path/o sarc/o Suffix -cyte -pathy -sarcoma Copyright ©

Suffixes Containing “gen” -gen: substance that produces or causes Example: carcin/o/gen: substance that causes cancer -genic: producing, originating, causing Example: cyt/o/genic: producing cells -genesis: origin, cause Example: onc/o/genesis: cause of tumors Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -19

Clicker Question Which of the following is a suffix that means disease? cyt/o b) -pathy c) path/o d) -cyte a) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -20

Oncology Terms Built from Word Parts adenocarcinoma adenoma chloroma epithelioma fibrosarcoma leiomyosarcoma lipoma liposarcoma melanocarcinoma melanoma myoma neoplasm neuroma rhabdomyosarcoma Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -21

Analyzing Terms that Appear to Be Built from a Prefix and Suffix “Neoplasm” is built from what looks like a prefix and a suffix: the word root is embedded in the suffix. S(WR) is used in the “Building Medical Terms” exercises to indicate this. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -22

Pronunciation Guide The following is a simple guide to use for practicing pronunciation of the medical terms. Ø The pronunciations are only approximate; however, they are adequate to meet the needs of the beginning student. In respelling for pronunciation, words are minimally distorted to indicate phonetic sound. Example: doctor (dok-tor), gastric (gas-trik) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -23

Pronunciation Guide (cont’d. ) The macron (-) is used to indicate the long vowel sounds. - Example: donate (do-nate) hepatoma (hep-a-to-ma) a as in ate, say e as in eat, beet, see i as in i, mine, sky o as in oats, so u as in unit, mute Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -24

Pronunciation Guide (cont’d. ) Vowels with no markings have the short sound. Example: discuss (dis-kus) medical (med-i-kal) a as in at, lad e as in edge, bet i as in itch, wish o as in ox, top u as in sun, come Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -25

Pronunciation Guide (cont’d. ) An accent mark is the stress on a certain syllable. The primary accent is indicated by capital letters, and the secondary accent (which is stressed, but not as strongly as the primary accent) is indicated by italics. Example: altogether (all-tu-GETH-er) pancreatitis (pan-kre-a-Tl-tis) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -26

Clicker Question Which of the following is analyzed correctly? wr cv a) wr s melan/o/carcin/oma cf wr b) wr s melano/carcin/oma cf Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -27

Body Structure Terms Built from Word Parts cytogenic cytology cytoplasm dysplasia epithelial erythrocyte erythrocytosis histology hyperplasia hypoplasia Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -28

Body Structure Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d. ) leukocyte leukocytosis lipoid myopathy somatic systemic visceral Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -29

Blood Cells 1. erythrocytes 2. leukocytes Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. ,

Clicker Question Which of the following means red blood cell? karyocyte b) leukocyte c) erythrocyte d) cytoplasm a) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -31

Chapter 2 Lesson 2. 2 Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an

Objectives Define, pronounce and spell complementary terms related to body structure, color, and oncology. Identify and use in singular and plural endings Interpret the meaning of abbreviations related to body structure, color, and oncology. Interpret, read, and comprehend medical language in simulated medical statements and documents. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -33

Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts cancerous carcinogen cyanosis diagnosis etiology iatrogenic metastasis neopathy oncologist oncology pathogenic pathologist pathology prognosis xanthochromic Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -34

Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts benign carcinoma in situ chemotherapy (chemo) exacerbation idiopathic inflammation in vitro in vivo malignant radiation therapy remission Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -35

Clicker Question Which of the following terms is built from word parts and can be literally translated to find its meaning? in vitro b) cancer in situ c) adenocarcinoma d) benign a) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -36

Table 2 -2 Common Plural Endings Singular Endings Plurals Formation Singular Form -a -ae vertebra -ax -aces thorax -is -es testis -ix -ices appendix -mata carcinoma -on -a ganglion -sis -ses metastasis -um -a ovum -us -i fungus -nx -nges larynx -y -ies biopsy Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Plural Form vertebrae thoraces testes appendices carcinomata ganglia metastases ova fungi larynges biopsies 2 -37

Abbreviations Ca chemo Dx mets Px RBC XRT WBC Copyright © 2009, 2006 by

Read Medical Terms A 54 -year-old woman presented to the office with a 3 week history of bloody diarrhea. She had been diagnosed with ulcerative colitis at age 25 years. She was referred for a colonoscopy. The examination revealed a suspicious lesion in the transverse colon. A biopsy was performed and a cytology specimen was obtained. The pathologist made a diagnosis of carcinoma of the colon. Advanced dysplasia and inflammation existed in the specimen. The patient underwent surgery and was found to have no evidence of metastasis. Her entire colon was removed because of a high risk for developing a malignant lesion in the remaining colon. She made an uneventful recovery and was referred to an oncologist for consideration of chemotherapy. Her prognosis is generally positive. Radiation therapy is not indicated in this case. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 -39