Power Point Presentation to Accompany 2010 Delmar Cengage

Power. Point Presentation to Accompany © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Chapter 12 The Endocrine System © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2

Introduction • Maintains internal environment (homeostasis) • Hypothalamus: sends chemical signals to pituitary • Endocrine glands – Ductless – Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 3

Introduction (cont’d. ) © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 4

The Functions of Hormones © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 5

The Functions of Hormones • Control cellular respiration, growth and reproduction • Control body fluids and electrolyte balance • Control secretion of other hormones • Control behavior patterns • Regulate reproductive cycles, growth and development © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 6

The Functions of Hormones (cont’d. ) • Chemical control functions as negative feedback loop – Thermostat turns furnace on when temperature falls below set point • Hormones function similarly © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 7

The Classification of Hormones © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 8

The Classification of Hormones • Modified amino acids – Epinephrine, oxytocin • Proteins – Insulin, growth hormones • Steroid – Cortisol, estrogen © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 9

The Hypothalamus of the Brain © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 10

The Hypothalamus of the Brain • Controls secretions of the pituitary gland • Nerve cells produce chemical signals – Releasing hormones – Releasing inhibitory hormones – Controlled by negative feedback from endocrine system © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 11

The Major Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 12

The Anterior Pituitary Gland, Its Hormones and Some Disorders • Growth hormone (GH): cell metabolism and growth – Decreased production • Dwarfism: childhood – Increased production • Gigantism: childhood • Acromegaly: post puberty – Controlled by two releasing hormones from hypothalamus © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 13

The Anterior Pituitary Gland (cont’d. ) • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): stimulates thyroid • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): stimulates adrenal cortex • Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): stimulates melanocytes © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 14

The Anterior Pituitary Gland (cont’d. ) • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – Females • Stimulates ovarian follicle development – Males • Stimulates sperm cell production © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 15

The Anterior Pituitary Gland (cont’d. ) • Luteinizing hormone (LH) – Females • Stimulates ovulation and progesterone production – Males • Testosterone production • Lactogenic hormone (prolactin): stimulates milk production in females – May cause decrease in male sex hormones © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 16

The Posterior Pituitary Gland Its Hormones • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – Increased water reabsorption in kidney tubules – Deficiency results in diabetes insipidus – Regulated through osmoreceptors • Dehydration causes water conservation © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 17

The Posterior Pituitary Gland Its Hormones (cont’d. ) • Oxytocin – Contraction of uterine smooth muscles – Constriction of mammary gland cells (lactation) – Given after childbirth to constrict blood vessels to minimize risk of hemorrhage © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 18

The Thyroid Gland, Its Hormones and Some Disorders • Located below larynx on either side of trachea • Requires iodine © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 19

The Thyroid Gland, Its Hormones and Some Disorders (cont’d. ) • Hormones – Thyroxine (T 4): metabolism – Triiodothyronine (T 3): metabolism – Calcitonin: regulation of calcium and phosphate concentration © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 20

The Thyroid Gland, Its Hormones and Some Disorders (cont’d. ) • Hypothyroidism – Cretinism – Lowered metabolic rate – Myxedema • Hyperthyroidism – Elevated metabolism – Graves’ disease • Exophthalmia © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 21

The Parathyroid Glands, Their Hormones and Some Disorders • Located within the posterior thyroid gland • Chief cells secrete parathormone (PTH) • PTH stimulates bone cell release of calcium and phosphate • Hyperparathyroidism – Breakdown of bone matrix • Hypoparathyroidism – Low calcium level in blood © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 22

The Parathyroid Glands (cont’d. ) • Position of the parathyroid glands © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 23

The Adrenal Glands, Their Hormones and Some Disorders • Located on top of each kidney • Adrenal medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine • Adrenal cortex: aldosterone, cortisol, androgens © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 24

The Adrenal Glands (cont’d. ) • Disorders – Addison’s disease: lack of adrenal cortex hormones – Cushing’s Syndrome: too much adrenal cortex hormones © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 25

The Pancreas, Its Hormones and Some Disorders • • Islets of Langerhans Beta cells: insulin production Alpha cells: glucagon production Blood glucose levels regulated by negative feedback © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 26

The Pancreas, Its Hormones and Some Disorders(cont’d. ) • Disorders – Low blood glucose: acidosis – High blood glucose: excess kidney production, dehydration – Diabetes mellitus: insufficient insulin production © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 27

The Testes and the Ovaries • Testes: testosterone – Development of male reproduction structures – Development of male sex characteristics • Ovaries: estrogen and progesterone – Development of female reproductive organs – Development of female sex characteristics – Control menstrual cycle © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 28

The Thymus Gland Its Hormone • • Located behind the sternum Secretes thymosin Important for T-cell production Thymus shrinks as we age © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 29

The Pineal Gland Its Hormone • Located in the brain near the thalamus • Melatonin – Inhibits reproductive functions – Regulates body rhythms • Serotonin: neurotransmitter and vasoconstrictor – Stimulates smooth muscle contractions © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 30

Animation – Endocrine System • [Insert Endocrine System. swf] © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 31

Summary • Discussed the functions of hormones • Classified hormones into their major chemical categories • Described how the hypothalamus controls the endocrine system • Named the major endocrine glands and described the effects of their hormones on the body © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 32