Power Point Presentation to Accompany 2010 Delmar Cengage

Power. Point Presentation to Accompany © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Chapter 7 The Skeletal System © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2

Introduction • Skeleton: supporting structure • Bones and associated cartilage, tendons and ligaments • Works with muscles for movement • Mineral salts form the inorganic matrix of bone • Leonardo da Vinci: constructed first correct illustrations of all bones © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 3

The Functions of the Skeletal System © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 4

The Functions of the Skeletal System (cont’d. ) • • • Supports surrounding tissues Protects vital organs and soft tissues Provides levers for muscles to pull on Manufactures blood cells Stores mineral salts © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 5

The Functions of the Skeletal System (cont’d. ) • Cartilage – Connective tissue – Environment in which bone develops in fetus – Found at ends of bones and in joints • Ligaments – Attach bones to bones • Tendons – Attach muscles to bones © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 6

The Growth and Formation of Bone © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 7

Introduction • A three-month fetal skeleton is completely formed (cartilage) • Ossification and growth begin • Longitudinal growth continues until: – 15 years of age for girls – 16 years of age for boys • Bone maturation until 21 years of age © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 8

Deposition of Bone • Osteoblasts: embryonic bone cells • Osteocytes: mature osteoblasts • Strain on bone (exercise) increases bone strength • Osteoclasts: bone reabsorption and remodeling © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 9

Types of Ossification • Intramembranous – Dense connective membranes replaced by calcium salts – Cranial bones • Endochondral – Bone develops inside cartilage environment – All other bones of the body © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 10

Maintaining Bone • Endocrine system control – Calcium storage – Blood calcium levels – Excretion of excess calcium • Parathormone: calcium release • Calcitonin: calcium storage © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 11

The Histology of Bone © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 12

Introduction • Two types of bone: compact and cancellous (spongy) – Osteocytes same but arrangement of blood supply different – Cancellous has bone marrow © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 13

The Haversian System of Compact Bone • Clopton Havers: histology of compact bone • Haversian canals: run parallel to surface – Surrounded by concentric rings of bone – Lacunae: cavity containing osteocyte – Lacunae connected by canaliculi © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 14

Cancellous Bone • Trabeculae: meshwork of bone • Spongy appearance created by trabeculae • Bone marrow fills spaces between trabeculae © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 15

Bone Marrow • Red marrow – Hematopoiesis – Ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis • Yellow marrow – Fat storage – Shafts of long bones © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 16

The Classification of Bones Based on Shape © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 17

Introduction © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 18

Long Bones • Length exceeds width • Consist of – Diaphysis: shaft – Metaphysis: flared portion – Epiphysis: extremity © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 19

Long Bones (cont’d. ) • Structure of a long bone © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 20

Short Bones • Not merely shorter versions of long bones • Lack a long axis • Somewhat irregular shape © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 21

Flat Bones • Thin bones found wherever need for extensive muscle attachment • Usually curved © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 22

Irregular Bones • Very irregular shape – Example: vertebrae • Spongy bone enclosed by thin layers of compact bone © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 23

Sesamoid Bones • Small rounded bones • Enclosed in tendon and fascial tissue • Located adjacent to joints © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 24

Bone Markings © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 25

Introduction • Processes: projections • Fossae: depressions • Functions: muscle attachment, articulation, passageways © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 26

Processes • Processes: projections from the surface – Spine, condyle, tubercle, trochlea, trochanter, crest, line, head, neck © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 27

Fossae • Fossae: depressions – Suture, foramen, meatus, sinus, sulcus © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 28

Divisions of the Skeleton © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 29

Divisions of the Skeleton (cont’d. ) • Typically has 206 named bones • Axial part – Skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum • Appendicular part – Upper extremities or arms – Lower extremities or legs © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 30

Divisions of the Skeleton (cont’d. ) • Adult human skeleton: anterior view © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 31

Divisions of the Skeleton (cont’d. ) • Adult human skeleton: posterior view © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 32

The Axial Skeleton © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 33

The Cranial Bones • • Frontal bone (1) Parietal bones (2) Occipital bone (1) Temporal bone (2) Sphenoid bone (1) Ethmoid bone (1) Auditory ossicles (6) © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 34

The Facial Bones • • • Nasal bones (2) Palatine bones (2) Maxillary bones (2) Zygomatic bones (2) Lacrimal bones (2) Nasal conchae (2) © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 35

The Facial Bones (cont’d. ) • Vomer bone (1) • Mandible (1) © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 36

The Facial Bones (cont’d. ) • Bones of the face and skull, lateral view © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 37

The Orbits • Orbits: cavities enclose and protect the eyes Area of Orbit Participating Bones Roof Frontal, sphenoid Floor Maxilla, zygomatic Lateral wall Zygomatic, greater wing of sphenoid Medial wall Maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 38

The Nasal Cavities • Nose framework surrounds the two nasal cavities Area of Nose Participating Bones Roof Ethmoid Floor Maxilla, palatine Lateral wall Maxilla, palatine Septum of medial wall Ethmoid, vomer, nasal Bridge Nasal © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 39

The Foramina of the Skull • Passageways for blood vessels and nerves • Foramen magnum: spinal cord passage © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 40

The Hyoid Bone • No articulation with other bones • Suspended by ligaments from styloid process • Supports the tongue © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 41

How to Study the Bones of the Skull • Refer to colored plates in textbook • Use a model of a human skull • Search for sutures as a guide © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 42

The Torso or Trunk • Vertebrae – Seven cervical – Twelve thoracic – Five lumbar – Sacrum – Coccyx © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 43

The Thorax • Thorax or rib cage made up of: – Sternum – Costal cartilages – Ribs – Bodies of thoracic vertebrae • Encloses and protects heart and lungs © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 44

The Thorax (cont’d. ) © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 45

The Sternum • Breastbone • Has three parts – Manubrium – Gladiolus – Xiphoid process • Attachment for diaphragm and rectus abdominis © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 46

The Ribs • Also called costae • Attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae • 12 pairs – True ribs, false ribs, floating ribs © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 47

The Appendicular Skeleton © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 48

The Bones of the Upper Extremities • Shoulder girdle: clavicle and scapula • Arm – Upper arm: humerus – Forearm: ulna and radius – Wrist: carpals – Hand: metacarpals (5/hand) – Fingers: phalanges (14/hand) © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 49

The Bones of the Upper Extremities (cont’d. ) • Bones of the wrist and hand © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 50

The Bones of the Lower Extremities • Pelvic girdle: ischium, ilium, pubis • Leg – Upper leg: femur – Lower leg: patella, tibia, fibula – Foot • Tarsals • Metatarsals (5/foot) • Phalanges (14/foot) © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 51

The Bones of the Lower Extremities (cont’d. ) • Right ankle and foot, lateral view © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 52

The Bones of the Lower Extremities (cont’d. ) • Right ankle and foot, superior view © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 53

The Arches of the Foot © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 54

The Arches of the Foot (cont’d. ) • Enable foot to bear weight while standing and to provide leverage while walking • Medial longitudinal: highest • Lateral longitudinal • Transverse • Pes planus: flat foot © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 55

Animation – Twisting Force • The following animation illustrates the damage that can occur to muscle, bone, or joint due to a twisting action [Insert twisting force. swf] © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 56

Animation – Direct Force • The following animation illustrates a fracture due to direct force to the bone from another object. [Insert direct force. swf] © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 57

Summary • Listed the functions of the skeletal system • Described the process of growth and formation of bone • Described the structure of compact and cancellous bone • Defined the various processes and fossae associated with bones © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 58

Summary (cont’d. ) • Named the bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton • Described the arches of the foot © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 59