Power Point Presentation to Accompany 2011 Delmar Cengage

Power. Point Presentation to Accompany © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Chapter 25 Special Considerations in Athletes © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2

Objectives • Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to: – Explain how climate affects athletic performance – Describe the difference between heat exhaustion and heatstroke – Explain the five ways the body loses heat – Describe how to treat hypothermia and hyperthermia © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 33

Objectives (cont’d. ) • Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to (cont’d. ): – Explain how different skin conditions are exacerbated by athletics – Explain the effects of diabetes and how it can be managed – Explain how epilepsy affects the body – Explain a systemic reaction to an insect bite – Describe the female athlete triad © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 44

Special Considerations in Athletics • Each athlete brings unique conditions or concerns – Important for the athletic staff to know – Range from previous injuries to potentially lifethreatening allergies to bee stings – Training staff needs to be aware so they can be prepared © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 55

Environmental Conditions and Athletic Participation • Stress – Heat stress – Hypothermia • Athletes need to be well hydrated, rested, and in good physical condition • To reduce body temperature move the victim to a cool location, remove unnecessary clothing, and pour cool water over extremities © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 66

Environmental Conditions and Athletic Participation (cont’d. ) • Dehydration – On average, we lose between three and six liters of water daily • One hour of exercise can demand a 50% increase water amount the body uses – Three levels: mild, moderate, severe • Sunburn – Ultraviolet (UV) light can lead to skin cancer and premature aging © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 77

Environmental Conditions and Athletic Participation (cont’d. ) • Heat cramps – May signal first stage of heat illness – Occur most commonly in calf muscles • May also affect quadriceps, hamstrings, or abdominal muscles • Heat syncope (fainting) – Occurs when body attempts to cool itself by dilating blood vessels to speed up evaporation © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 88

Environmental Conditions and Athletic Participation (cont’d. ) • Heat exhaustion – Near-total body collapse – Mild form of heat illness • Heatstroke – Most severe heat-related condition – Involves a breakdown of the body’s heatregulation mechanism © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 99

Environmental Conditions and Athletic Participation (cont’d. ) • Cold stress – Body loses heat through: respiration, evaporation, conduction, radiation, and convection © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1010

Environmental Conditions and Athletic Participation (cont’d. ) • Wind chill – Rate of heat loss resulting from combined effect of low temperature and wind • Hypothermia – Body heat is lost faster than can be replaced • May be impending, mild, moderate, or severe • Frostbite – Skin tissue and blood vessels are damaged from exposure to temperatures below 32°F © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1111

Skin Conditions in Athletes • Acne mechanica – Acne that results from heat, pressure, occlusion, and friction • Plantar warts – Small, hard growths on the bottom of the foot • Herpes gladiatorum – Herpes simplex infection transmitted through skin-to-skin contact © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1212

Skin Conditions in Athletes (cont’d. ) • Fungal infections – Tinea pedis: fungal infection that thrives in warmth and dampness • Blisters – Friction, heat, and moisture increases risk – Tear occurs within upper skin layers, forming a space into which that fluid seeps © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1313

Skin Conditions in Athletes (cont’d. ) • Abrasions – Normally caused by poorly fit equipment or rubbing of skin • Jogger’s nipples – Constant chafing between a runner’s nipples and shirt causes painful, crusted lesions that bleed © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1414

Diabetes • Disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin – A hormone needed to make cells absorb sugar from blood • Genetics and environmental factors (e. g. , lack of exercise) appear to play roles © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1515

Diabetes (cont’d. ) • Type 1 diabetes – Results from the body’s failure to produce insulin • Type 2 diabetes – Occurs when the body still makes insulin but: • Does so in insufficient amounts or • Produces insulin that does not function properly © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1616

Diabetes (cont’d. ) • Diabetic emergencies – Insulin reaction • Occurs when there is too much insulin in the body – Diabetic coma • Occurs when there is too much sugar and too little insulin in the blood © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1717

Seizure Disorders • Disruptions of normal brain activity – Epilepsy: seizures recur regularly – Other causes include: • Infections, high fever, brain tumors, drugs, strokes, bleeding in the brain, trauma to the brain, and low blood glucose, sodium, or calcium © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1818

Seizure Disorders (cont’d. ) • Types: – Simple partial seizure • Jerking begins in one area of the body • Cannot be stopped, but person stays awake and aware – Generalized tonic-clonic seizures • Characterized by a sudden cry, falling, and rigidity, followed by muscle jerks, shallow breathing or temporarily suspended breathing, bluish skin, and possible loss of bladder or bowel control © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1919

Insect Bites and Stings • Two greatest risks: – Allergic reactions • Local • Systemic – Infections • Epinephrine injection is the only effective immediate treatment © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2020

The Female Athlete Triad • Combination of: – Disordered eating – Amenorrhea (lack of menstrual periods) – Osteoporosis © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2121

The Female Athlete Triad (cont’d. ) • Warning signs: – Frequent or unexplained injuries – Excessive or compulsive exercise – Change in performance – Impaired concentration – Absent or irregular menstrual periods – Restrictive eating – Use of weight-loss products or supplements © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2222

Conclusion • Many health and safety factors that must be taken into account when participating in athletics – Factors (e. g. , the environment) can turn a positive situation into a dangerous one • Understanding causes of environmental-related illnesses helps the athlete plan ahead and stay within safe limits © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2323

Conclusion (cont’d. ) • Other concerns are specific medical conditions that may limit or curtail athletic competition – The athlete must be made aware of illnesses and conditions that can affect their performance and health – Quick recognition and treatment will ensure good health and optimal performance © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2424