Power Point Presentation to Accompany 2011 Delmar Cengage

Power. Point Presentation to Accompany © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Chapter 20 The Elbow, Wrist, and Hand © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2

Objectives • Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to: – Define the major components of the elbow – List major injuries and conditions of the elbow, wrist, and hand – List the different bones of the hand © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 33

The Elbow, Wrist, and Hand • Many activities would be impossible without healthy functioning of the elbow, wrist, and hand – This area of the body is one of the most intricate, yet most vulnerable to injury © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 44

Common Injuries of the Elbow • Contusions – Involve forearm muscles and subcutaneous bony prominences of the elbow – Direct blows can result in bruising, bleeding, and stiffness • Treatment: RICE and protective padding © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 55

Common Injuries of the Elbow (cont’d. ) • Olecranon bursitis – Inflammation of a bursa • Treatment: ice compresses, rest, and antiinflammatory, pain medications, and occasionally aspiration of fluid © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 66

Common Injuries of the Elbow (cont’d. ) • Ulnar nerve contusion – Blow or contusion to ulnar nerve • Elbow strain – Acute or chronic – Acute occurs with sudden overload © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 77

Common Injuries of the Elbow (cont’d. ) • Epicondylitis – Chronic strains commonly occur in medial and lateral epicondyles – Caused by overload, faulty techniques, weak muscle groups, inappropriate equipment • Symptoms: local tenderness and resisted wrist motion causes pain • Treatment: prevention, appropriate equipment, limited stress, stretching, RICE, and activity modification © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 88

Common Injuries of the Elbow (cont’d. ) • Elbow sprains – Commonly result from forced hyperextension or valgus/varus (side-to-side) forces • Symptoms: pain, a “pop”, tenderness, and swelling • Treatment: same as elbow strains • Dislocations of the elbow – Normally occurs as a result of a fall • Signs: obvious deformity, loss of function, and pain • Treatment: transport to medical facility © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 99

Common Injuries of the Elbow (cont’d. ) • Fractures of the elbow and forearm – Result of direct trauma, or indirect stresses transmitted through upper extremity • Symptoms: deformity, point tenderness, hemorrhaging, swelling, limited range of motion, disability, and pain • Treatment: immobilization, ice, elevation, and physician referral © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1010

Common Injuries of the Elbow (cont’d. ) • Volkmann’s contracture – Absence of blood flow (ischemia) to the forearm – Mild, moderate, or severe • Symptoms: pain, swelling, decreased sensation, weakness, and skin paleness © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1111

Common Injuries of the Elbow (cont’d. ) • Nerve injuries – Ulnar nerve • Symptoms: pain and tenderness – Radial nerve • Symptoms: pain and tenderness – Median nerve • Symptoms: pain, numbness and tingling © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1212

Hand Wrist Injuries • Fractures – Finger fractures – Boxer’s fracture – Baseball finger – Jersey finger – Scaphoid fracture – Colles’s fracture • Treatment: RICE, support, and medical evaluation © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1313

Hand Wrist Injuries (cont’d. ) • Dislocations and subluxations – Dislocation: displacement of any bone from normal position – Subluxation: abnormal movement of a bone that constitute a joint • Symptoms: pain, swelling, and unable to bend or straighten • Treatment: ice, immobilization, and immediate consultation with a physician © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1414

Hand Wrist Injuries (cont’d. ) • Contusions – Caused by direct blows or falling onto a hard surface • Sprains – Injury to a ligament • Gamekeeper’s thumb © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1515

Hand Wrist Injuries (cont’d. ) • Tendonitis – Inflammation of tendons – Caused by overuse or repetitive stress • Symptoms: aching or pain at the wrist • Treatment: rest, ice, and anti-inflammatory medication © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1616

Hand Wrist Injuries (cont’d. ) • Nerve impingement and carpel tunnel – Inflammatory disorder – Caused by repetitive stress, physical injury, or conditions that cause median nerve tissue swelling • Symptoms: pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness • Treatment: rest, ice, splinting or bracing, and sometimes surgical decompression © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1717

Hand Wrist Injuries (cont’d. ) • Ganglion cyst of the wrist – Small, usually hard lump above a tendon or in the capsule that encloses a joint • Treatment: if painless, no treatment necessary © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1818

Hand Wrist Injuries (cont’d. ) • Boutonnière deformity – Extensor tendon injury affecting proximal interphalangeal joint and distal interphalangeal joint • Symptoms: inability to flex and extend the finger, pain, and tenderness • Treatment: immediate medical attention © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1919

Conclusion • The elbow, wrist, and hand contain some of the most intricate and complex joints in the body – Understanding the anatomy, biomechanics, and mechanisms of injury will ensure appropriate treatment • Elbow and forearm injuries are common • The elbow is prone to overuse injuries © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2020