Population Geography NGHS APHG Population Geography Elements of

Population Geography NGHS APHG

Population Geography Elements of Population Geography (focuses on spatial aspects of demography) F Demography (study of population) F Population Distribution F Population Density F Arithmetic Population Density F Physiologic Density F Rate of Natural Increase (the excess of births of deaths – omitting migration) F Growth Rate (Natural increase + Net Migration) F

Population Terms F Demography - the study of population characteristics F Overpopulation- when the available resources cannot support the number of people F Density - How many? The total number of people

Demography F The study of human populations, particularly the size, distribution, and characteristics of members of population groups.

Distribution and Density

Population Growth F 0 AD F 1803 AD F 1950 AD F 1987 AD F 1998 AD 250 Million People 1 Billion People 1. 6 Billion People 3. 0 Billion People 5. 0 Billion People 6. 0 Billion People

The World and the Top 10 F World China F India F United States F Indonesia F Brazil F Pakistan F Bangladesh F Russia F Nigeria F Japan F 6, 602, 224, 175 1, 321, 851, 888 1, 129, 866, 154 301, 139, 947 234, 693, 997 190, 010, 647 164, 741, 924 150, 448, 339 141, 377, 752 138, 898, 084 127, 690, 000 TODAY

Population Distribution – Descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live. Dot Map of World Population – On this map, one dot represents 100, 000 people

Countries are displayed by size of population rather than land area. Countries named have at least 50 million people.

World Population Clusters F Two-thirds of the world’s population are concentrated in four regions: 1. East Asia (East China, Japan, S. Korea, Taiwan) - ¼ of world population here 2. South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh) - bound by the Himalayas and a desert in Pakistan 3. Europe - population is concentrated in cities 4. North America - megalopolis

Ecumene F The portion of the Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement F Increased over time F ¾ of world population lives on only 5% of the Earth’s surface

Population Distribution F F Densely populated regions – Low lands – Fertile soil – Temperate climate Sparsely Populated Regions – dry lands – wet lands – high lands – cold lands

Density FArithmetic Density FPhysiological Density FAgricultural Density

Arithmetic Density: The total number of people divided by the total land area.

FArithmetic Density: The total number of people / area of land measured in km² or mi²

Crude density, also called arithmetic density, is the total number of people divided by the total land area.

FPhysiological Density: The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

FPhysiological Density: The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

Physiologic Population Density • Arithmetic Density= 192/ sq. mi. • Physiological Density= 6, 682 /sq. mi. Egypt’s arable lands are along the Nile River Valley. Moving away from the river a few blocks, the land becomes sandy and wind-sculpted.

Egypt’s population distribution is closely linked to the proximity of water. In the north, the population clusters along the Mediterranean and in the interior, along the banks of the Nile River. (2004)

F Agricultural Density: The number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.

Population Characteristics

World Population Growth Birth rate (b) − death rate (d) = rate of natural increase (r)

Population Characteristics F Crude Birth Rate (CBR) F Crude Death Rate (CDR) F Natural Increase Rate (NIR) F Doubling Time F Total Fertility Rate (TFR) F Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Population Characteristics F Crude Birth Rate : The total number of live births in a year for every 1, 000 people alive in the society. – Crude Birth Rate = Births in a year 1000 people

FCrude Birth Rate : The total number of live births in a year for every 1, 000 people alive in the society.

Population Characteristics F Crude Death Rate : The total number of deaths in a year for every 1, 000 people alive in the society. – Crude Death Rate = Deaths in a year 1000 people

FCrude Death Rate : The total number of deaths in a year for every 1, 000 people alive in the society.

Population Characteristics F Natural Increase: The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. – not including migration – usually measured in percentages (out of 100) – Rate of Natural Increase = Natural Increase x 100 Population

FNatural Increase: The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

Natural Increase F USA Population RNI – 0. 6% F Nepal's Population RNI – 2. 4% F What do these numbers imply?

Population Characteristics F Doubling Time: The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Population Characteristics F Total Fertility Rate: The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years. F Infant Mortality Rate: annual number of deaths of infants under age 1, compared to total live births – IMR = Infant(less than 1 year) deaths 1000 live births

FInfant Mortality Rate: - the number of deaths of children under the age of 1, per thousand of the general population.

Population Characteristics F Life Expectancy : The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life Expectancy at Birth in 2003 Men Women US 74 80 Japan 78 85 Nepal 59 58 Kenya 46 46 France 76 83

FLife Expectancy : The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical

A Population Bomb? F Thomas – – – Malthus (1766 -1834, England) --Felt population growing exponentially and resources growing linearly --Believed people needed to practice ”moral restraint” to lower CBR or disaster to increase CDR in order to solve population problem

Neo-Malthusians F Two recent issues that invigorate Malthus thought: – 1. many countries experiencing population growth due to transfer of medical technology – 2. new population “stripping” world of resources F Ehrlich (1960 s) – warned of a population bomb in 1970 s and 1980 s because the world’s population was outpacing food production. – No bomb, no starving! Could there still be something learned from Ehhrlich’s thoughts?

Critics of Malthus F Resources are not fixed: possibilism and technology F Lack o food have to do with distribution of wealth rather than insufficient food F Population growth can stimulate economic growth – More people=more consumers, more creativity

Demographic Transition

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL Demographic Transition - the change in population characteristics of a country to reflect medical technology or economic and social development.

Demographic Transition - Stage 1 F High Birth Rate – Agricultural society F High Death Rate – Epidemics and plagues – Famine – War F Low Natural Increase Rate F Stationary population growth

Demographic Transition - Stage 1 F Today, no country in the world is in Stage 1.

Demographic Transition - Stage 2 F High Birth Rate F Declining Death Rate – Industrial Revolution: u agricultural improvements u medical advancements F High Natural Increase Rate F High expanding population growth

Demographic Transition - Stage 2 F Europe and North America entered Stage 2 in the 1800 s F Africa, Asia and Latin America entered into Stage 2 in the early to mid 1900 s – European colonization brought medical advancements F Current Examples: Afghanistan, Many Sub-Saharan African countries

Demographic Transition - Stage 3 F Declining Birth Rate – – Urbanization Wealth Education Contraceptives Low Death Rate F Low Natural Increase Rate F Slow expanding population growth F

Demographic Transition - Stage 3 F Europe and North America entered Stage 3 in first half of 1900 s F Many countries in Latin America and Asia entered Stage 3 in the second half of the 1900 s F Current Examples: Mexico, Panama, South Africa

Demographic Transition - Stage 4 F Low Birth Rate – Low TFR – Women highly involved in education and workforce Low Death Rate F Low to no Natural Increase Rate F Stationary Population Growth F F This stage reflects a highly industrialized, educated society.

Demographic Transition - Stage 4 F Current Examples: – Many European countries (Italy, France) – United States – Japan

Stage 5?

Demographic Transition Model F Draw it! – Stages: 1 -5 and growth – CBR – CDR – NIR – Total Population

Population Pyramids

Dependency Ratio FThe number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years

Dependency Ratio F 0 -14 = Dependents F 15 -64 = Workers F 64+ = Dependents F DR = Number of Dependents (0 -15 and 65+) X 100 Number of Working-age (16 -64)

FPopulation under the age of 15 - usually shown as a percentage of the total population of a country - dependency age is 0 -15

Sex Ratio F Sex Ratio: number of males per hundred females F In general more males are born than females F Males have higher death rates F Examples: – Europe and North America = 95: 100 – Rest of World = 102: 100

Sex Ratio – Developing Countries F Have large % of young people –where males generally outnumber females F Lower % of older people – where females are typically more numerous F High immigration = more males

Population Pyramids FA country’s stage in Demographic Transition gives it a distinctive population structure F Also called Age-Sex Pyramids

Population Pyramid F Population composition on graph: – Males = left side of the vertical axis – Females = right side of the vertical axis – Age = order sequentially with youngest at the bottom and oldest at the top (usually by five-year cohorts)

Rapid Growth FA country in stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model F Large number of young people and a smaller older population

Slow Growth FA country in stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model F Large number of “older people” F Smaller % of young people

No Growth F End of stage 4, entering Stage 5 F Large number of “older people” F Very small % of young people

Developing (poor) Relatively Developed (rich) What stage goes with each pyramid?

National Scale

Population Control

Epidemiological Transition Model F Stage 1 – Epidemics: Infectious and parasitic diseases, famine – Ex: Black Plague F Stage 2 – Receding Pandemics – Ex: Cholera

Epidemiological Transition Model F Stage 3 – Degenerative and human-created disease – Ex: Cardiovascular disease and Cancer F Stage 4 – Delayed degenerative diseases – Ex: Alzheimer's, Diabetes F Stage 5? – Reemerging infectious and parasitic disease – Ex: Malaria, TB, SARS, AIDS

AIDS/HIV+ F 2001 world distribution: – 28 million in Sub-Saharan Africa – 7 million in Asia (India, China, SE Asia) – 2 million in Latin America (Caribbean-Haiti) F Sub-Saharan Africa – 70% of HIV cases – Zimbabwe, Botswana, Zambia, South Africa – Increase death rates – Declining life expectancy

Expansive Population Policies F Communist Societies – Soviet Union – China – Mao Zedong F European countries: NOW – Tax incentives – Sweden u Cash payments, tax incentives, job leave, work hour flexibility lasting up to 8 years after birth u Short baby boom, but led to issues

Eugenic Population Policies F Favoring one racial or cultural sector of the population over the others – Tax discrimination, allocation of resources, favoritism F Examples – Nazi Germany – Japan? – USA?

Restrictive Population Policies F Reducing the rate of natural increase through a range of means – China: “One-child” policy: Income bonuses, Better health care benefits, Better retirement pensions, Priority in housing

Solutions to Population Growth F Empowerment of Women – $ for contraception & education – Changing cultural norms to value girls F Diffusion of Birth Control Policies – Educating men w/ responsibility for birth control – Sterilization

Solutions to Population Growth F Addressing traditional religious values that may encourage gender preference and large families F Redistribution of wealth - improve standard of living for poor so that children aren’t as necessary – Improving farming techniques in poor areas – Starvation, Malnourishment

Solutions to Population Growth F Medical technology – costs of maintaining vulnerable populations (old & young) F Addressing government policies to deal with their growing populations

Something to think about… F Is population control funded by MDCs ethical in LDCs? – – – F Population control v. culture Birth control? Sterilization? Abortion? Sex determination? Incentives: Money, food, clothing? Is population control funded by MDCs needed to keep mass amounts of people in the LDCs out of poverty?