Population Geography Population Geography Demography Attempts to answer

Population Geography

Population Geography: Demography Attempts to answer the question: Who are these people? • • • Ethnicity Religion Language Income (GDP pc) Literacy Population Growth • Birth Rate • Death Rate • Infant Mortality Rate • Life Expectancy • Migration Rates • …and more!

Ethnicity

Religion Protestant Catholic Orthodox Shi’a Islam Sunni Islam

Map of Islam (Muslims)

Two Sects of Islam: Shi’a vs. Sunni

Former Yugoslavia

Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 Political Units: • Republika Srpska • Republika Bi. H • Brcko District (part of both) Result of the 1995 Dayton Accords

Former Yugoslavia COUNTRY RELIGION ETHNICITY Slovenia Croatia Bosnia 58% Catholic 88% Catholic 40% Islam 30% Orthodox 15% Catholic 64% Orthodox 33% Islam 85% Orthodox 83% Slovene 90% Croat 43% Bosnian 31% Serb 17% Croat 64% Macedonian 25% Albanian 65% Serb 14% Hungarian 43% Montenegrin 24% Serb 13% Albanian 88% Albanian Macedonia Serbia Montenegro 74% Orthodox 18% Islam Kosovo 70% Islam

Former Yugoslavia Today Slovenia 1990 Croatia 1991 Bosnia 1992 Macedonia 1992 Serbia (remained “Yugoslavia” with Montenegro until 2003) Montenegro 2006 Kosovo 2008 Vojvodina? PRISTINA Kosovo

Population Statistics • • Birth Rate per 1, 000 Death Rate per 1, 000 Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) per 1, 000 Overall Population Growth Rate Infant Mortality Rate per 1, 000 Life Expectancy Literacy Rate GDP per capita

Birth and Death Rates (CIA World Factbook) BR DR Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Azerbaijan U. S Moldova Albania Armenia Macedonia Russia Cyprus Slovakia Belarus 26 18 17 17 14 13 12 12 11 11 11 6 6 5 7 8 13 6 8 9 14 6 10 14 Croatia Estonia Latvia Ukraine Poland Bosnia Greece Slovenia Romania Hungary Bulgaria Serbia Germany BR DR 10 10 10 9 9 8 12 14 14 16 10 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 11

Rate of Natural Increase RNI* Birth Rate - Death Rate RNI * Does NOT include population changes due to migration!

Rate of Natural Increase RNI Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Azerbaijan U. S Albania Cyprus Armenia Macedonia Slovakia Moldova Poland Bosnia 20 12 12 10 6 6 5 5 3 1 0 0 0 Greece Croatia Slovenia Czech Russia Germany Romania Belarus Estonia Latvia Hungary Serbia Bulgaria Ukraine RNI - 1 - 2 - 2 - 3 - 3 - 4 - 4 - 5 - 6

Rate of Natural Increase

Russians get day off to The Denver Post 12/24/2007 procreate, then win prizes Moscow - A Russian region of Ulyanovsk has found a novel way to fight the nation's birth-rate crisis: It has declared Sept. 12 the Day of Conception and for the third year running is giving couples time off from work to procreate. The hope is for a brood of babies exactly nine months later on Russia's national day. Couples who "give birth to a patriot" during the June 12 festivities win money, cars, refrigerators and other prizes. Russia, with one-seventh of Earth's land surface, has just 141. 4 million citizens, making it one of the most sparsely settled countries in the world. With a low birth rate and a high death rate, the population has been shrinking since the early 1990 s. In his state-of-the-nation address last year, President Vladimir Putin called the demographic crisis the most acute problem facing Russia and announced a broad effort to boost Russia's birth rate, including cash incentives to families that have more than one child. The 2007 grand prize went to Irina and Andrei Kartuzov, who received a UAZ -Patriot, a sport utility vehicle. Other contestants won video cameras, TVs, refrigerators and washing machines.

Population Growth Rate* RNI + In-migration - Out-migration = PGR * Includes population changes due to migration!

Population Growth Rate (per 1, 000) includes emi/immigration Tajikistan Cyprus Turkey Turkmenistan Azerbaijan U. S Albania Macedonia Armenia Slovakia Montenegro Poland Bosnia 18 16 12 11 10 9 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 Russia Greece Czech Croatia Slovenia Germany Hungary Belarus Romania Serbia Ukraine Latvia Estonia Bulgaria Moldova -1 -1 -2 -2 -3 -5 -6 -6 -7 -8 -10

Population Growth Rate

Life Expectancy 75 to 90 71 to 74 65 to 70 54 to 64 30 to 53

But what about Literacy Rate? Azerbaijan Russia Tajikistan Ukraine Turkmenistan Moldova Kyrgyzstan Belarus Baltics Uzbekistan Armenia Bulgaria Turkey Romania Hungary 99 100 100 99 99 100 98 87 99 Serbia Poland Slovakia Macedonia Croatia Georgia Czech Slovenia Albania Cyprus Bosnia U. S Greece Germany 96 100 96 98 100 99 98 97 99 96 99

GDPpc vs. Literacy Rate COUNTRY LR % GDPpc COUNTRY LR % Albania Ukraine Armenia Georgia Kyrgyzstan Moldova Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan 99 100 100 99 99 El Salvador Algeria Paraguay Sri Lanka Papua New Guinea Gambia Senegal Guyana Vietnam $7, 800 $7, 200 $5, 400 $2, 400 $3, 400 $2, 000 $7, 500 $3, 300 81 70 94 91 57 40 39 91 94 • Impact and Legacy of Socialism!

Language 600 • There at least living languages in Europe! • All languages are part of a Language Family – i. e. English, French, Czech, Persian, Bengali: all part of a language family • Language families determined by historical geography

European Languages Abaza, Abkhaz, Aghul, Akhvakh, Albanian, Andi, Anglo-Romani, Aragonese, Archi, Armenian, Aromanian, Asturian, Avar, Azerbaijani, Bagvalal, Balkan- Gagauz-Turkish, Balkan-Romani, Balkar, Baltic-Romani, Barranquenho, Bashkir, Basque, Bats, Belarusian, Bezhta, Bohtan, Bosnian, Botlikh, Breton, Budukh, Bulgarian, Cappadocian, Carpathian, Romani, Catalan, Chamalal, Champenois, Chechen, Chuvash, Circassian, Cornish, Corsican, Crimean, Tatar-Croatian, Cypriot-Arabic, Czech, Danish Traveller, Dgèrnésiais, Domari, Dutch, English, Eonavian, Erzya, Esperanto, Estonian, Fala, Faroese, Finnish, Franco-Provençal, French, Frisian Wymysojer, Friulian, Gagauz, Galician, Gallo, Georgian, German, Ghodoberi, Greek, Gruzinic, Gutnish, Hinukh, Hungarian, Hunzib, Iberian-Romani, Icelandic, Ingrian, Ingush, Irish, Istriot, Istro-Romanian, Italkian, Izhorian, Jakati, Jèrriais, Juhuri, Kabardian, Kalmyk, Kalo-Finnish-Romani, Karachay, Karaim, Karata, Karelian, Kashubian, Khalaj, Khinalug, Khvarshi, Komi-Permyak, Krymchak, Kryts, Kumyk, Kurdish, Ladino, Lak, Latin, Latvian, Lezgi, Limburgish, Lithuanian, Livonian, Livvi, Lomavren, Lorraine, Low Saxon, Ludic, Luxembourgish, Macedonian, Maghrebi Arabic, Maltese, Manx, Mari, Megleno-Romanian, Megrelian, Meskhetian, Mirandese, Moksha, Moldovan, Monégasque, Montenegrin, Nenets, Nogai, Norman Frisian, Norwegian, Norwegian Traveller, Occitan, Ossetic, Palityan, Picard, Poitevin-Saintongeais, Polari, Polish, Pontic, Portuguese, Quinqui, Rifi, Romanian, Romano-Greek, Romani, Romansh, Russian, Ruthenian, Rutul, Sami, Sardinian, Sater Frisian, Scanian, Scots, Scottish Gaelic, Serbian, Shelta, Sinte, Slovak, Slovenian, Sorbian, Spanish, Svan, Swedish, Tabasaran, Taleshi, Tatar, Tavringer Romani, Tindi Traveller, Scottish, Tsakhur, Tsakonian, Tsez, Turkish, Turkmen, Tver Karelian, Udi, Udmurt, Ukrainian, Urum, Veps, Vlakh Romani, Võro-Seto, Votic, Walloon, Welsh Romani, Yeniche, Yiddish

Language Divisions Language Family: Indo-European Language Branch: Slavic Language Group: East Slavic West Slavic South Slavic Languages: E: Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian W: Polish, Czech, Slovak S: Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian, etc.

Language Families of Europe • • • Indo-European Finno-Ugric Turkic

Diffusion of Languages Indo-European

Alexander the Great

Indo-European Branches Baltic Germanic Latvian German Lithuanian { Romance Slavic Romanian Moldovan Russian Czech Polish Slovak Bulgarian Slovenian Croatian Serbian Belarusian Ukrainian Macedonian Bosnian Montenegrin “Mutually Intelligible”

“BEER” Polish: Piwo Czech: Pivo Croatian: Pivo Russian: Pibo Bulgarian: Pibo Slavic Language Branch

Last native speaker died in ‘ 09 Finno-Ugric Branches Finnic Ugric (Magyar)

Magyar (Hungarian) It’s quite different…

West Turkic Branches East Turkic

One more Indo. European branch… Indo-Aryan Languages “Aryan” = Indian-Iranian (“Southern / Central Asian”)

Indo-Aryan Languages Hindustani: Bengali: Punjabi: Marathi: Gujarati Oriya Sindhi Romani 550 million 200 million 100 million 75 million 50 million 30 million 25 million

Roma Gypsies Kalderash Dom False Romans Sinti Gitanos Calé Ciganos Luli Manush…

Where did the Roma come from? “Gypsy” = Egypt?

Roma Migration India! ~1000 A. D.

Roma Flag Chakra India Flag

Roma Migration Chakra ≠ Migration So why did they migrate? • For Work? • The Weather? • Fun? • Cabin Fever?

All of the above? • The answer remains unclear. • However, generally speaking, it is believed by most researchers that the Roma did not migrate by choice or for seasonal reasons. • The most widely-accepted theory is to escape persecution: – Many invasions into India over time – Enslaved frequently – Migration continual once left India – Became minority population outside of India – Outsiders

Roma Timeline c. 800 -950: Groups leave northern India for Persia and Armenia. 1000: Roma reach Byzantine empire 1300 s: Roma already in Wallachia and Serbia, viewed as Muslims and enslaved. 1445: Prince Vlad Dracul of Wallachia transports some 12, 000 persons "who looked like Egyptians" from Bulgaria for slave labor. 1471: The first Anti-Gypsy laws are passed in Switzerland. 1471: 17, 000 Roma are transported into Moldavia for slave labor. 1492: Spanish Inquisition: Anti-Gypsy laws, identified as heretics 1493: Roma are expelled from Milan. 1498: Four Gypsies accompany Columbus to the Americas. 1502: Louis XII expels the Roma from France. 1526: Henry VIII expels the Roma from England: leave or die. 1538: Portugal expels Roma to Brazil. 1554: England passes a law stating being a Gypsy is punishable by death 1560: In Sweden, the Lutherans forbid any dealings with Roma. 1589: Denmark: death to any Roma caught in the country. 1619: Spain to Roma: Settle down or punishable by death. 1885: Roma excluded by U. S. immigration policy; many returned to Europe. 1917: New Jersey passes “Anti-Roma” law 1936 -1945: Nazis begin systematic persecution of Roma

Eastern Europe Western Europe Country Population Austria Belgium Cyprus Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey U. K. 22, 500 12, 500 750 1, 750 8, 000 310, 000 120, 000 180, 000 25, 000 100, 000 125 37, 500 750 45, 000 725, 000 17, 500 32, 500 400, 000 105, 000 Population Albania 95, 000 Belarus 2, 500 B & H 45, 000 Bulgaria 750, 000 Croatia 35, 000 Czech Republic 275, 000 Estonia 1, 250 Hungary 575, 000 Latvia 2, 750 Lithuania 3, 500 Macedonia 240, 000 Moldova 22, 500 Poland 45, 000 Romania 2, 150, 000 Russia 310, 000 SAM 725, 000 Slovakia 500, 000 Slovenia 9, 000 Ukraine 55, 000 Total 5, 851, 500 Total 2, 143, 875

Roma Populations Why different estimates? Advantages? Disadvantages?

* * Estimated from 500, 000 (official) to 5, 000

Romani Dialects (not all mutually intelligible) …and more! Balkan Romani Baltic Romani Carpathian Romani Domari (Stans, Russia) “Luli” = Muslim Kalo Finnish Romani Sinte Romani (Balkans, Germany, & West) Caló (Spanish Romani) Vlax Romani (Romania, Yugo) Welsh Romani

Roma in WWII • Porrajmos • 200, 000 to 2 m • Deaths proportionally similar to Jews • Non-Aryans: But what is an Aryan? Nordic? Greek? Caucasian? Egyptian?

Discrimination / Racism can be subtle. Or not. Roma Neighborhood Brno, Czech Republic

Roma Demographics (UNDP)

Population Comparisons Roma Czech Fertility Rate 3. 0 1. 27 Median Age 19. 3 40. 8 Married <19 72% 15% Life Exp. 59 77 IMR 15. 8 3. 7 Elem Ed. (ONLY) 40% 7. 0% Literacy Rate 73% 99% RNI 2. 1 -3. 2 GDP pc $6, 000 $25, 900

The Roma Today… • “Every country is a 'foreign' country: ” – Rise in Nationalism since 1989 – Negative reaction to Roma populations • Communism was good for them • Now high unemployment, social issues – Leads to large informal labor sector • Begging • Theft • Prostitution – Reinforces stereotypes • Changes! – “Decade of Roma Inclusion” Program (World Bank: 2005) – 9 Major Roma countries in Eastern Europe – +’s: providing $ for more education, training, opportunities, try to reduce discrimination, etc. – -’s: Legacy of discrimination, judgment on way of life, blame

“Decade of Roma Inclusion” • • • Bulgaria Croatia Czech Hungary Macedonia Montenegro Romania Serbia Slovakia 4 General Issues: • Education • Employment • Health • Housing Each country has own goals, criteria, priorities, etc. and must report results to World Bank