Photosynthesis Chlorophyll The cells in leaves contain chlorophyll

Photosynthesis

Chlorophyll • The cells in leaves contain chlorophyll • Traps energy from the sun to produce energyrich sugar molecules--carbohydrates 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + solar energy = C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2

Energy & Nutrient Transfer

Producer • Organism that makes its own food • Also called autorophs

Consumer • Organism that get their energy by eating other organisms. • Also called heterotrophs

Decomposers • Organisms that feeds by breaking down organic matter from dead organisms • Examples: bacteria and fungi

Exception to the Rule • Deep-Ocean Ecosystems --Tube worms depend on bacteria that live inside them to survive. The bacteria uses energy from Hydrogen Sulfide to make their own food chemosynthesis

Chemosynthesis

Life Depends on the Sun • Organisms use energy to move, grow and reproduce

Grizzly Bears Omnivore—eats both meat & plants Can eat up to 1. 5% of their body weight in one day when eating salmon and 33% of body weight when eating fruits & vegetation. • How many pounds of salmon can a 200 lb grizzly bear eat in one day? 15% of 200 = 30 lbs • How many pounds of fruits and vegetation can the same bear eat in one day? 33% of 200 = 66 lbs

Cellular Respiration Breaking down of food to yield energy using the O 2 you breath in C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 = 6 CO 2 + 6 H 20 + energy

Excess Energy • Stored as Fat or Sugar

Energy Transfer • Food Chains, Food Webs, Trophic Levels

Food Chain • Sequence in which energy is transferred from one organism to the next as each organism eats another organism

Food Web • Feeding Relationships that are possible in an ecosystem

Who Eats Who-Energy Transfer

Food Chain – Food Web

Trophic Level • Each step in the transfer of energy through a food chain or web in an ecosystem

Trophic Levels 5 tertiary consumers secondary consumers primary consumers producers 5000 500, 000 5, 000

Food Pyramid

Energy Pyramid energy lost energy transferred

Biomass—total dry mass of organisms in an area tertiary consumers 75 g/m 2 150 g/m 2 secondary consumers primary consumers producers 675 g/m 2 2000 g/m 2

Energy Loss Affects • 1. decrease amount of energy impacts each trophic level • 2. Loss limits the number of trophic levels; rarely have 4 or 5 levels since so much energy is needed to support

Trophic Cascade • Indirect interaction between predators and the resources consumed by the predator’s prey

Biosphere

Cycling of Materials • Materials in an ecosystem are constantly reused in an endless cycle

Erosion • Water erosion by rivers and oceans dramatically changes the Earth’s surface • Wind erosion blows away top soil and erodes soft rocks, such as sandstone.

• • • Nitrogen 78% Oxygen 20% Argon 0. 9% CO 2 0. 04% Water Vapor 1%

Atmospheric Circulations Source: Wikipedia

Earth’s Energy Balance Earth’s overall average equilibrium temperature changes only slightly from year to year. A balance exists between incoming solar energy (shortwave radiation) and outgoing energy from Earth to space (longwave radiation). Source: Ahrens, C. D. , 2008: Essentials of Meteorology, An Invitation to the Atmosphere (5 th Edition)

Without greenhouse gases, the average surface temperature of the Earth would be – 18° C No greenhouse gases (only permanent gases) Source: Ahrens, C. D. , 2008: Essentials of Meteorology, An Invitation to the Atmosphere (5 th Edition) The current atmosphere (with greenhouse gases) 33° C difference

The World’s Water • 97% Salt Water • 2. 5 % Frozen Fresh Water • . 5% Usable Fresh Water

The Water Cycle

Water Cycle

Ocean circulation Source: NOAA

Source: Wikipedia

Nitrogen & Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the Building Block CO 2 in air photosynthesis Combustion Respiration respiration photosynthe sis Decomposition of organisms Fossil fuels CO 2 dissolved in water

Terrestrial Ecosystems are an… • • • Integral part of global carbon system Plants take in and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through photosynthesis Below ground microbes decompose organic matter and release organic carbon back into the atmosphere www. bom. gov. au/info/climate/change/galler y/9. shtml Cycle shows how nature’s sources of CO 2 are self regulating – that which is released will be used again – Anthropogenic carbon not part of natures cycle – is in excess

Nitrogen Cycle Movement of Nitrogen between atmosphere, bacteria and other organisms

nitrogen cycle mostly takes place underground Nitrogen in atmosphere plant Nitrogen fixing in roots decomposers ammonia Nitrogen fixing bacteria nitrates nitrites Nitrifying bacteria

Phosphorus Cycle Movement of phosphorus from the environment to organisms and back

Aquatic Ecosystem

How Ecosystems Change • Primary Succession occurs on a surface where no ecosystem existed before • Secondary Succession occurs where an ecosystem previously existed—pioneer species, climax community

Primary Succession

Ecological Succession

Old Field Succession