Grade 11 Objective 3 1 Viruses can only

Grade 11 Objective 3

1 Viruses can only replicate — A B C D Inside a host cell Along a cellular membrane Outside a nucleus Between host cells

2 Most viruses infect a specific kind of cell. Which of the following are infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)? F Helper T cells G Liver cells H GABA-receptor cells J Red blood cells

3 Viruses differ from bacteria in that all viruses — F cause insect-borne diseases G can be destroyed by antibiotics H have rigid cell walls J must be reproduced in living cells

4 One characteristic shared by a virus and a living cell is that both — F store genetic information in nucleic acids G have a crystalline structure H gain energy directly from the sun J use glucose for respiration

5 Which of the following cannot metabolize nutrients? F H G J

6 Which of these does a virus need in order to multiply? A B C D Chloroplasts from a host cell A host cell to provide oxygen for the virus New ADP from a host cell A host cell to replicate the virus’s DNA

7 Which of the following explains why antibiotics can treat flu-like symptoms caused by bacteria but are ineffective against flu? A B C D Flu is a response to an antigen. Antibiotics require time to work. Antibiotics strengthen antibodies. Flu is caused by a virus.

8 Which of these events is most likely to cause a widespread influenza outbreak? F G H J People in northern regions are affected by weather patterns. The influenza virus is recognized by host immune systems. Global warming causes increased winter precipitation. People lack immunity to a new strain of flu virus.

Information About Sendai Virus • Some infants and children are infected with human parainfluenza virus type 1, also known as HPIV-1. • A vaccine against HPIV-1 is made of a low dose of Sendai virus. • Sendai virus has a similar structure to HPIV-1. • Sendai virus makes mice sick but does not make humans sick. 9 Why is Sendai virus used as a vaccine against HPIV-1? A B C D It alters the protein coat of HPIV-1. It makes cells chemically unrecognizable to HPIV-1. It forms a protective barrier against HPIV-1. It triggers the production of antibodies that fight HPIV-1.

10 Enzymes allow viruses to insert their genetic material into the host cell’s DNA. The virus benefits from this action by — A B C D acquiring the traits of the host cell causing the host cell to produce viruses introducing random deadly mutations into the host cell turning the host cell into a virus

11 Bacteria are the only organisms that can — A B C D obtain energy by decomposing carbohydrates transform atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia produce glucose from dissolved carbon dioxide synthesize proteins from amino acid molecules

12 Some bacteria benefit mammals by helping with — F growth G defense H digestion J respiration

13 Which of the following factors helps spread disease-causing bacteria? F Low temperatures G Access to new hosts H Mutation by heat energy J Availability of light

14 Lactose is a naturally occurring sugar found in milk. Some dairy products, such as yogurt, may contain live bacteria. These products are useful to people who lack the ability to digest lactose. What does this information demonstrate? A B C D Bacteria raise the acidity of processed foods. Some bacteria interfere with digestion. Bacteria can prevent insulin production. Some bacteria are beneficial to human health.

15 Cows and other ruminants are herbivorous animals. Their diet includes cellulose, which must be fermented before it can be digested. Which of these aid in the fermentation of cellulose in a cow’s digestive system? F G H J Bacteria Fungi Algae Viruses

16 A study shows that 40% to 100% of raw poultry is contaminated by disease-causing bacteria. Which of the following activities provides people the best protection from these bacteria? F G H J Rinsing dishes thoroughly Eating a balanced diet daily Visiting a doctor regularly Cooking foods properly

17 Streptococcus infection in a person’s throat can cause pain and fever. Streptococcus can be controlled by antibiotics. Streptococcus is a — F G H J virus bacterium protozoan fungus

18 Which of these conditions is caused by bacteria? F G H J AIDS Seasonal allergies Dental cavities Colds

19 According to this phylogenetic tree, which organism is most closely related to R? A B C D Q S T U

Amino Acid Composition of Cytochrome c in Some Organisms Amino Acid Organism Q Organism R Organism S Organism T Alanine 10% 10% Arginine 4% 4% Aspartic acid 6% 6% Cysteine 6% 6% 6% 4% Glutamic acid 12% 8% 8% Glycine 4% 2% 4% 4% Valine 2% 1% 4% 6% 20 The table shows a comparison of some amino acids found in cytochrome c. The two organisms in the table that are most closely related are — A B C D Q and T R and S Q and R Q and S

Amino Acid Composition of Cytochrome c in Some Organisms Fruit Fly Screwworm Fly Hornworm Moth Silkworm Moth Alanine 10% 10% Arginine 4% 4% Aspartic acid 6% 6% Cysteine 6% 6% 6% 4% Glutamic acid 12% 8% 8% Glycine 4% 2% 4% 4% Valine 2% 1% 4% 6% Amino Acid 21 The table shows an amino acid comparison of cytochrome c, a protein involved in cellular respiration in aerobic organisms. The two organisms in the table that are least genetically related are the — A B C D silkworm moth and the fruit fly silkworm moth and the screwworm fly fruit fly and the hornworm moth

Evolution of the Modern Horse 22 The diagram illustrates how some characteristics of the horse have changed over time. Along with the difference in size, what is another anatomical difference between the modern horse and its ancestors? F The structure of the tooth has been adapted for eating meat. G The size of the molars has decreased. H The length of the forefoot has decreased. J The number of toes has decreased.

• A gray whale develops in its mother’s uterus for about a year. • The whale calf has hair on its face when it is born. • As the calf grows, the hair is lost, and barnacles attach themselves to its skin. 23 Which statement is best supported by the information above? F G H J Barnacles develop within the whale uterus. Whales descended from ancestors with hair. Fluid inside the uterus is colder than seawater. Adult whales will possess more hair in the future

24 Birds and reptiles are similar in that they are vertebrates and lay eggs. They differ in that reptiles have teeth and birds have beaks. Some birds do possess teeth. However, these teeth are present only in the embryonic stage. Which conclusion is best supported by the presence of teeth in bird embryos? A B C D Birds and reptiles share a common ancestor. Modern reptiles are the ancestors of modern birds. Birds and reptiles eat similar types of food. Ancestors of reptiles had beaks similar to those of birds.

25 Which conclusion is best supported by the information in the diagram? F G H J Volcanic eruptions were common in the area. The area was once a marine environment. Organisms in the area reproduced frequently. Consumers once outnumbered producers in the area.

26 According to these anatomical structures, which two animals are probably most closely related? A Ape and bat B Bat and bird C Bird and cat D Cat and wolf

27 Because of this animal’s adaptations, it would be most successful at — F competing with birds G making its own food H hiding from predators J running very rapidly

Body Length of Mosquitoes in a Specific Area 28 Which of these conclusions can be made based on the graphs shown above? A B C Larger mosquitoes have migrated into the area. Smaller mosquitoes are being eaten by larger mosquitoes. A mosquito length of 2 cm has become a disadvantage in this environment. D Mosquitoes with a body length of 3 cm have the longest life span.

29 Some bacteria thrive in hostile environments, such as salt flats, boiling-hot springs, and carbonate-rock interiors, primarily because of bacteria’s — F biochemical diversity G small sizes H round shapes J methods of movement

About 10, 000 years ago two populations of tassel-eared squirrels were separated from each other. Today these squirrels are so different that they are unable to interbreed when brought together. 30 Which of the following explains this phenomenon? F G H J Competition Extinction Predation Speciation

31 The myxoma virus was used to control an overpopulation of European rabbits in Australia. When first introduced in the mid 1900 s, the virus greatly reduced the European rabbit population. Today the virus is not an effective control of the European rabbit population. Fewer European rabbits are affected by the virus today because they have — F G H J learned to avoid the virus moved away from infected areas undergone a change in diet developed resistance to the virus

• Milkweed plants have green leaves. • Milkweed plants produce a milky sap containing compounds that taste bad to some animals. • The milkweed bug is bright orange and red and feeds on the milkweed plant. • The compounds in the milkweed sap accumulate in the milkweed bug but do not harm it. 32 Which of the following best explains how the milkweed bug’s coloration helps it avoid being eaten by birds? F G H J Birds become confused by the bug’s coloration, so the bug has time to escape. Birds associate the bug’s coloration with its bad taste and avoid eating it. Birds are unable to locate the bug’s head, so the bug can escape. Birds cannot locate the bug because it appears to be part of the plant.

33 The model shows a demonstration a student prepared using black and white marbles to show populations of organisms can change. Which of the following concepts is best illustrated by this demonstration? F Evolution of a predatory species G Genetic drift accompanying natural selection H Environmentally induced genetic mutations J Immunity from virulent microorganisms

Characteristics of Some Lizards • Live mainly in hot, dry climates • Release very little water • Excrete waste in the form of solid uric acid, which contains very little water 34 Which of the following is best supported by the information shown above? F G H J These lizards evolved in arid habitats. Modern lizards drink more water than their ancestors did. These lizards cool themselves by evaporation. Modern lizards excrete more water than their ancestors did.

35 Two competing species can thrive in the same community if they have — F G H J the same habitat different niches similar diets different life spans

Grouping of Selected Species from a Single Phylum 36 The diagram shows relationships of selected species over time. According to this information, which of these species is expected to have the greatest phenotypic difference from the ancestral species? F Species Q G Species R H Species T J Species U

37 The marine ecosystem represented above is able to thrive with a small autotroph biomass because — A B C D autotrophs reproduce rapidly first-order consumers are small second-order consumers are rare third-order consumers eat very little

38 Energy used by producers in a grassland food web is provided by — F sunlight G photosynthesis H oxygen J carbon dioxide

39 In this food web, the bacteria probably function as — A B C D producers herbivores decomposers carnivores

40 A food pyramid represents the relative amount of energy in trophic levels. Which of the following correctly shows a food pyramid? F H G J

41 The diagram shows several phases of the nitrogen cycle. Which of the following describes the most likely effect of removing some plants from the area by using chemical herbicides? A B C D The rate of erosion of rocks on the ground would be slowed. The flow of necessary nutrients would be disrupted. The ability of plants to complete photosynthesis would be increased. The infiltration of water into the ground would be halted.

42 About 10% of the energy at one trophic level is passed to the next level. What usually happens to the energy that is not passed to the next trophic level or used to carry out life processes? A B C D It is given off as heat. It is stored as vitamins. It is used in reproduction. It is used in protein synthesis.

43 The diagram represents different levels of a marine food pyramid. Between which two levels is the greatest amount of energy transferred? A B C D R and Q S and R T and S U and T

44 Which diagram best shows how the amount of stored energy changes going up a food chain? A C B D

45 The diagram above is intended to show relationships in an ecosystem. What do the arrows represent? F G H J The direction of population migration Differences in dietary habits Progressively smaller organisms The direction of energy flow

46 Which of these best represents a mutualistic relationship? A B C D Bull snake/mouse White-tailed deer/grass Hummingbird/blossom Spadefoot toad/cricket

47 Clown fish are small reef fish that seek protection from predators by sheltering themselves among the stinging tentacles of sea anemones. Clown fish are very territorial and can potentially scare off predators of sea anemones. This relationship is an example of — A B C D neutralism mutualism parasitism commensalism

48 Which situation best represents a mutualistic relationship? A B C D A tapeworm absorbing nutrients from the intestine of a dog An orchid being pollinated by a nectar-collecting wasp A human losing blood to a feeding mosquito An armadillo rooting in the soil at the base of an oak tree

49 Beechdrops (Epifagus virginiana) are leafless plants that lack chlorophyll. Beechdrops get their nourishment from the roots of beech trees, which reduces the amount of nutrients available to the trees themselves. This interaction is best described as — A B C D predatory parasitic commensalistic mutualistic

Cholera-causing bacteria belong to the genus Vibrio. Some species of Vibrio cause diseases in chickens and humans. However, some species have mutualistic relationships with fish and other marine life. 50 Which of these is the best example of a mutualistic relationship in an aquatic environment? F G H J Some fish can survive repeated infections by harmful bacteria. Some fish have bacteria living in their digestive tract that help the fish digest food. Some bacteria are present in aquatic food chains in which fish are secondary consumers. Some bacteria are aquatic decomposers that recycle nutrients useful to fish.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria called rhizobia enter the root hairs of bean plants. The bacteria are located in small root structures called nodules. The plants provide energy to the bacteria, and in return, the plants receive nitrogen for growth from the bacteria. 51 According to the information in the box, which of these best describes the relationship between rhizobia and bean plants? F G H J Parasitism Opportunism Commensalism Mutualism

Epiphytes • Epiphytes (example: some orchids) live on trees so they can receive more sunlight. • Epiphytes have aerial roots that absorb water and minerals from rainwater. • Epiphytes do not affect the trees on which they live. 52 Which of these best describes the relationship between epiphytes and trees? F G H J Parasitism Migration Commensalism Predation

53 Insecticides help humans compete with insects for a resource. Which resource is most likely to be preserved for humans through he use of insecticides? F G H J Sunlight Water Food Air

54 A tick feeding on the blood of a dog is an example of — A B C D commensalism parasitism neutralism mutualism

55 Which of these groups of organisms would most likely have accumulated the largest concentration of a long-lasting chemical pollutant in their bodies? A B C D Phytoplankton Zooplankton Lake trout Gulls

56 In this food pyramid, which level contains the greatest amount of energy? A B C D Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Producers

Ecosystems Factors Group 1 57 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Soil Water Producers Light Consumers Producers Air Rainfall Consumers Rainfall The table lists four groups of factors found in a particular ecosystem. Which group consists of only abiotic factors? F Group 1 G Group 2 H Group 3 J Group 4

The Collared Peccary The collared peccary is often mistaken for a pig. It has a short pig-like snout and crushing molars. The peccary has a mass of 10– 20 kg and a shoulder height of about 50 cm. The collared peccary is omnivorous, eating mostly roots, seeds, fruit, cacti, and occasionally insects and mice. Peccaries travel in herds of 6– 30 animals. The natural enemies of the peccary are bobcats and coyotes. 58 Which of these is a food web based on the relationships described above? A C B D

59 The diagram above represents a pyramid of biomass. Which of the following best explains why a pyramid shape is useful in this representation? A B C D Most of the food consumed is recycled at every trophic level. Energy from the producers is equally distributed in all trophic levels. Decomposers receive a small amount of energy from the biomass. Each trophic level supports a lesser amount of biomass.

60 In this diagram of a marine food web, which term describes the sea turtles? A Aquatic herbivores B Autotrophic producers C Third-level consumers D Primary decomposers

61 In a typical forest community, plants are producers, rabbits are primary consumers, and wolves are secondary consumers. Which diagram correctly represents these relationships? F H G J

62 Compared to annual rings of trees that have experienced years of sufficient rainfall, the annual rings of trees that have experienced a dry period will — F be softer G grow at a faster rate H be thinner J photosynthesize at a faster rate

63 Species of the genus Toxicodendron, which includes poison ivy and poison oak, produce a gummy oil that causes a severe itchy rash in some animals. This substance is part of the Toxicodendron species’ — F defense mechanisms G nutritional processes H support system J clinging ability

64 Which of the following leaf types is most likely to help a plant survive in an arid habitat? A C B D

65 Which of these structures protects a leaf from drying out? F Q G R H S J T

Plant Characteristics • Grows in clusters and low to the ground • Able to grow under a layer of snow • Carries out photosynthesis at temperatures below freezing • Flowers very quickly and briefly during summer • Produces small, moisture-retaining leaves 66 The box lists some characteristics of a plant that has adapted to conditions in its environment. To which type of environment is the plant best adapted? A B C D Desert Grassland Tundra Rain forest

67 Plant leaves have a waxy covering called a cuticle. When some plants are stressed by lack of water, their cuticle increases in thickness. What does this action demonstrate? A B C D Alternation of generations in plants Structural response to the environment Differentiation of vascular tissue in plants Genetic mutation induced by the environment

68 Some species of kelp anchor themselves to the seafloor. These species have small air sacs, called air bladders, at the base of each leaf. The air bladders raise the top of the kelp to the water’s surface. What advantage do air bladders give the kelp? A B C D They allow the kelp to obtain more salt from the water. They prevent the kelp from breaking during a storm. They allow kelp leaves to receive greater amounts of sunlight. They provide the kelp with protection from herbivores.

69 The benefits of spines on a cactus are similar to the benefits of the — F G H J scales on a butterfly wing talons on a hawk whiskers on a cat shell on a tortoise

Grade 11 Objective 3 Answer Key

Grade 11 Objective 3 Answer Key Question Correct Answer Objective Measured Student Expectation 1 A 3 BIO 4 C 2004 Info Booklet – 14 2 F 3 BIO 4 C 2003 TAKS – 6 3 J 3 BIO 4 C Apr 2004 TAKS – 44 4 F 3 BIO 4 C Jul 2004 TAKS – 42 5 G 3 BIO 4 C Apr 2006 TAKS – 14 6 D 3 BIO 4 C Apr 2006 TAKS – 47 7 D 3 BIO 4 C Oct 2005 TAKS – 9 8 J 3 BIO 4 C Feb 2006 TAKS – 10 9 D 3 BIO 4 C Jul 2006 TAKS – 47 10 B 3 BIO 4 C Fall 2005 TAKS – 35 11 B 3 BIO 4 D 2004 Info Booklet – 11 12 H 3 BIO 4 D 2003 TAKS – 8 13 G 3 BIO 4 D Apr 2004 TAKS – 14 14 D 3 BIO 4 D Oct 2005 TAKS – 55 15 F 3 BIO 4 D Feb 2006 TAKS – 4 16 J 3 BIO 4 D Jul 2006 TAKS – 2 17 G 3 BIO 4 D Jul 2006 TAKS – 36 18 H 3 BIO 4 D Fall 2005 TAKS – 24 19 B 3 BIO 7 A 2004 Info Booklet – 15 20 C 3 BIO 7 A 2003 TAKS – 53 21 B 3 BIO 7 A Apr 2004 TAKS – 21 22 J 3 BIO 7 A Jul 2004 TAKS – 52 23 G 3 BIO 7 A Oct 2005 TAKS – 16 24 A 3 BIO 7 A Feb 2006 TAKS – 53 25 G 3 BIO 7 A Jul 2006 TAKS - 54 Source - item number

Grade 11 Objective 3 Answer Key Question Correct Answer Objective Measured Student Expectation 26 D 3 BIO 7 A Fall 2005 TAKS – 55 27 H 3 BIO 7 B 2003 TAKS – 2 28 C 3 BIO 7 B Apr 2004 TAKS – 15 29 F 3 BIO 7 B Jul 2004 TAKS – 2 30 J 3 BIO 7 B Apr 2006 TAKS – 44 31 J 3 BIO 7 B Apr 2006 TAKS – 54 32 G 3 BIO 7 B Oct 2005 TAKS – 2 33 G 3 BIO 7 B Feb 2006 TAKS – 30 34 F 3 BIO 7 B Jul 2006 TAKS – 4 35 G 3 BIO 7 B Fall 2005 TAKS – 32 36 J 3 BIO 7 B Fall 2005 TAKS – 34 37 A 3 BIO 9 D 2004 Info Booklet – 13 38 F 3 BIO 9 D 2003 TAKS – 18 39 C 3 BIO 9 D Apr 2004 TAKS – 51 40 H 3 BIO 9 D Jul 2004 TAKS – 44 41 B 3 BIO 9 D Apr 2006 TAKS – 13 42 A 3 BIO 9 D Apr 2006 TAKS – 15 43 D 3 BIO 9 D Oct 2005 TAKS – 13 44 A 3 BIO 9 D Feb 2006 TAKS – 39 45 J 3 BIO 9 D Jul 2006 TAKS – 42 46 C 3 BIO 12 B 2004 Info Booklet – 12 47 B 3 BIO 12 B 2003 TAKS – 35 48 B 3 BIO 12 B Apr 2004 TAKS – 17 49 B 3 BIO 12 B Jul 2004 TAKS – 11 50 G 3 BIO 12 B Apr 2006 TAKS - 34 Source - item number

Grade 11 Objective 3 Answer Key Question Correct Answer Objective Measured Student Expectation 51 J 3 BIO 12 B Oct 2005 TAKS – 6 52 H 3 BIO 12 B Feb 2006 TAKS – 42 53 H 3 BIO 12 B Jul 2006 TAKS – 46 54 B 3 BIO 12 B Fall 2005 TAKS – 53 55 D 3 BIO 12 E 2003 TAKS – 37 56 D 3 BIO 12 E Apr 2004 TAKS – 13 57 H 3 BIO 12 E Jul 2004 TAKS – 48 58 B 3 BIO 12 E Apr 2006 TAKS – 3 59 D 3 BIO 12 E Oct 2005 TAKS – 21 60 C 3 BIO 12 E Feb 2006 TAKS – 47 61 H 3 BIO 12 E Fall 2005 TAKS – 4 62 H 3 BIO 13 A 2003 TAKS – 52 63 F 3 BIO 13 A Apr 2004 TAKS – 2 64 D 3 BIO 13 A Jul 2004 TAKS – 19 65 F 3 BIO 13 A Jul 2004 TAKS – 26 66 C 3 BIO 13 A Oct 2005 TAKS – 49 67 B 3 BIO 13 A Feb 2006 TAKS – 55 68 C 3 BIO 13 A Jul 2006 TAKS – 51 69 J 3 BIO 13 A Fall 2005 TAKS – 6 Source - item number